Missing part of 'Warburg effect' could usher in new cancer therapies

Missing part of 'Warburg effect' could usher in new cancer therapies

About the author: Bryan Hubbard

November 4th 2019 in Cancer, Diabetes

Scientists have discovered the final part of the Warburg effect—which shows how cancer cells feed off sugar to live and grow—that could herald in new cancer therapies to stop the disease progressing.

Nearly 90 years ago, German physician Otto Warburg noticed cancer cells behaved differently. Instead of using oxygen to turn food into energy, as healthy cells do, cancer cells feed off glucose.

A molecule, lactate, is the end-product of the Warburg effect, and scientists have assumed it is nothing more than a waste product. But a research team from the University of Chicago have discovered that lactate has an active part to play in the creation of other cells that also start feeding off glucose, and so become cancerous.

It is through the production of lactate that cancers spread, the researchers found, as they act as a regulator of other cells, changing the way they feed.

The process starts with immune system cells called macrophages. These cells produce lactate when there is a bacterial infection or a lack of oxygen supply in tumors. Although the lactate helps control damage during infection, it promotes the growth and spread of cancer cells.

A similar process happens in other diseases, too, such as sepsis, auto-immune disease, atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, diabetes and ageing, and so the discovery of lactate's role could open the way for therapies for these diseases as well. 

https://www.wddty.com/news/2019/11/missing-part-of-warburg-effect-could-usher-in-new-cancer-therapies.html

References (Source: Nature, 2019; DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1678-1)

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Home, sports, fitness and travel - Video

Fingertip PulseOximeter, Blood Oxygen, PR and SPO2

Oxygen saturation refers to any material, most often in the blood and the red blood cells, bound oxygen in the relative amount.

Blood transporting amount of oxygen has an effect on, for example, alertness, breathlessness and pulse. Normal oxygen saturation in humans is at least 96%,

• mild hypoxemia, i.e. oxygen deficiency 89-95%,
• moderate 80-88% and
• severe 80%
• 100% is usually a sign of hyperventilation.

Warburg effect - Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg

The Nobel Prize winner Dr. Otto Warburg discovered that by lowering the oxygen concentration in tissue for a period of two days, 35%, normal cells became cancerous. 
In cancer patients, a blood oxygen saturation is lower than normal, usually in the order of about 60% (as measured by pulse oximetry). -
See Warburg hypothesis

Finger pulse oximeter for measuring oxygen saturation and pulse rate

A pulse oximeter is a device for measuring blood oxygen saturation, i.e. the blood and the red blood cells bound the relative amount of oxygen.

Real-time measurement of the oxygen saturation of a patient monitoring is a routine procedure in general and in patients undergoing particularly important for oxygen therapy and respiratory and heart condition monitoring of persons suffering from.
- Pulse/oxymeters is also used in sports to control the duration of the training. In addition to oxygen saturation, pulse oxymeters measure the patient's heart rate.

Blood transporting amount of oxygen has an effect on, for example, alertness, breathlessness and pulse. 

Oxygen depletion may result from, for example, chronic lung disease, heart disease, decompensation or asthma attack Increased oxygen saturation (100%) is usually a sign of a hyperventilation, which may be due to anxiety or tension. If your test result differs from the normal, contact your nurse or doctor.

The most commonly used pulse oximeters are finger oximeter that is attached to the fingertip by clips and performing measurement of a finger non-invasively by the light source contained in the sensor. 

The pulse oximeter is based on the fact that the blood oxidized and unoxidized blood absorb different red and infrared rays.
- The same phenomenon appears to bluish due to venous blood and the blood vessel through the skin. Finger transmits the fingertip beams of different wavelengths, and measure the alterations of absorption during a pulse cycle.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetry

The result is a oxygen saturation SpO2.
Oxygen saturation and heart rate are immediately available on a pulse oximeter monitor.

• A pulse oximeter is a device for measuring blood oxygen saturation, which is designed to measure the oxygen saturation without painful procedures.
• WATCH THE VIDEO AT THE END OF THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT.

OXYM2000 and OXYM2001

• % SpO2 and pulse rate, which are displayed on the display device.
• Easy to use.
• Unit display is illuminated and the device is small in size (50 grams with batteries).
• Low power consumption, two AAA batteries are sufficient for 30 hours of continuous use.
• The remaining charge in the batteries indicated on the display.
• Goes off automatically when the device is away from the finger 8 seconds.
• A new generation of the pulse oximeter to measure oxygen saturation (SpO2) non-invasively, easily and painlessly a patient's fingertip. Suitable for adults and children over 4 years of age for home and hospital use.

Dimensions:

• Length: 57 mm
• Height: 33 mm
• Width: 30 mm

Technical information:

Adult SPO2 values
Measuring range: 35-99%
Resolution: ± 1%
accuracy SPO2: 70% - 99% range of + -2%, from 0% - 70% is not defined.
PR: 30 - 250 BPM ± 2% or 2 BPM

HR:
Measuring range: 30-240 BPM
Resolution: + - 1BPM
Accuracy: + - 2bpm

Batteries:
two AAA alkaline batteries or a rechargeable battery voltage: 2.6 - 3.6V (not included)


Included accessories:

• 
  2 AAA batteries (not included, due to air freight safety)
• Collar, by means of which device is easy to carry.
• (Silicone, optional).
• Shock Protection zippered pouch.

How does a pulse oximeter work?

The device transmits light beams of two frequencies: 660 nm (red) and 940 nm (infrared), which allows the device to determine both hemoglobin and hemoglobin oxygen values.

Classic examples of situations where required oxygen saturation/pulse meters, are for example an emergency and anesthesia.

NOTE!
Not recommended for children under 5 years of age. To obtain reliable results, we recommend a pediatric model for young children.

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https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2019/08/finger-pulse-oximeter-for-measuring.html

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Video: https://youtu.be/YcjWoSaJxQU

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Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method for monitoring a patient's O2 saturation

In its most common (transmissive) application mode, a sensor is Placed on a thin part of the patient's body, Usually a fingertip or earlobe , or in the case of an infant , across a foot. Light Wavelengths of two is passed through the patient to a photodetector.

The changing absorbance at each of the Wavelengths is Measured, Allowing determination of the absorbances due to the pulsing arterial blood alone, excluding venous blood, skin, bone, muscle, fat, and (in most cases) nail polish.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetry

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Finger Pulse Oximeter Spo2 PR
Fingertip Oxygen Monitor

- Shopping Bag at bottom of this page - 

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Fasting could reverse type 1 and 2 diabetes

February 27th 2017 in Blood, Cancer, Diabetes, Diseases 

Just a week after it was suggested that fasting could reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease, the same researchers have announced it could also reverse type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 

Fasting reprogrammes cells in the pancreas to start producing insulin again, say researchers from the University of Southern California, led by Dr Valter Longo. 
Fasting for four days—when calorie intake is kept between 750 and 1,100 calories a day—reverses symptoms of diabetes, a disease of insulin-resistance when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to break-down sugars in food.
But fasting kick-starts the cells' insulin-producing functions, the researchers found in experiments on mice and human cells. Even mice whose diabetes was at a late-stage responded to fasting and started producing insulin again."Cycles of fasting and a normal diet essentially reprogrammed non-insulin-producing cells into insulin-producing cells," said Longo.The mice regained healthy insulin production, reduced insulin resistance and established more stable levels of blood glucose at every stage of diabetes. A similar effect was seen in the human cells that were tested.Last week, the researchers released a research paper that suggested that fasting could help reduce the usual risk factors for cancer and heart disease.
Earlier papers have also found that fasting could help ease symptoms of neuro-degenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS).
wddty.com/news/2017/02/fasting-could-reverse-type-1-and-2-diabetes.html

Going on a regular fast reduces risk of heart disease and cancer 
 

February 22nd 2017 in Blood, Blood pressure, Cancer, Heart Health, Heart attack, Heart disease, Heart failure, Inflammatory 

Going on a fast every few months could be one of the best things you can do for your health. It reduces many of the risk factors for heart disease and lowers signs of inflammation, which can be the forerunner of a range of chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. 

A five-day fast—where calorie intake is reduced to just 750 to 1,100 calories a day—every three months seems to be the optimum approach. As well as reducing the risk for most diseases, it also helps weight loss and even trims an inch or two off the waistline.The benefits of fasting have been tested on a group of 100 healthy volunteers aged from 20 to 70. Half carried on eating normally for three months, and the rest were put on a fast for five days each month, where they ate between 750 and 1,100 calories a day with a special programme from L-Nutra, a nutrition company. After the three months, those who had been eating normally were also put on the fasting diet. 
When they went on the fasting diet, all the participants lost an average of six pounds (2.7 kg), their waistlines shrank between one and two inches, their blood pressure levels fell, and inflammatory markers known as IGF-1 dropped to a range associated with a lower cancer risk. 
These markers were maintained even when the participants returned to their normal lives and diets, said lead researcher Valter Longo from the University of Southern California. 
http://wddty.com/news/2017/02/going-on-a-regular-fast-reduces-risk-of-heart-disease-and-cancer.html

About the author 

 Bryan Hubbard 
References (Source: Science Translational Medicine, 2017; 9: eaa8700) 

Testel Diagnostics Team - Hi-Tech Home and Prof Diagnostics Devices

 

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Diabetes

Diabetes on joukko erilaisia sairauksia, joille on yhteistä se, että veren sokeripitoisuus kasvaa liian suureksi. Avaintekijänä on insuliinihormoni: sen erityksen loppuminen, määrän riittämättömyys tai vaikutuksen heikkeneminen eli insuliiniresistenssi. 

Diabeteksen kaksi päämuotoa ovat tyypin 1 (nuoruustyypin) diabetes ja tyypin 2 (aikuistyypin) diabetes.

Tyypin 1 diabetes
Tyypin 1 (nuoruustyypin) diabeetikoita on Suomessa noin 50.000.

Syy
Elintoiminnoille välttämätöntä insuliinia ei erity, sillä insuliinia tuottavat haiman saarekesolut ovat tuhoutuneet.

Oireet
Tavallisia oireita ovat lisääntynyt virtsaneritys, jano, laihtuminen ja väsymys. Ne kehittyvät yleensä nopeasti, päivien tai viikkojen kuluessa.

Hoito
Jatkuva, elinikäinen insuliinihoito (pistoksina tai pumpulla) on elämän edellytys. Verensokerin omaseuranta ja hiilihydraattien laskeminen on tärkeää, koska insuliiniannokset sovitetaan hiilihydraattimäärien mukaisiksi. Liikunta ja terveellinen syöminen auttavat hoitamaan veriesuonien terveyttä ja ehkäisevät siten lisäsairauksia.

Hoidon päämääränä on hyvä elämä. Tavoitteena on pitää veren sokeripitoisuus sopivana. Tällöin sekä lisäsairauksien että liian matalien verensokeritasojen vaara on mahdollisimman pieni.

Sairastumisikä
Yleensä alle 40-vuotiaana. Suomessa lasten diabetes on yleisempi kuin missään muualla maailmassa.

Ehkäisy
Ehkäisykeinoja ei vielä tunneta, mutta mahdollisuuksia tutkitaan jatkuvasti.

Periytyvyys
2–5 %, jos äidillä on tyypin 1 diabetes. 6–8 %, jos isällä on. Vastasairastuneista diabeetikkolapsista vain noin 10 prosentilla on lähisuvussaan joku diabetesta sairastava.

Ensiapu
Jos insuliinihoitoinen diabeetikko tulee yllättäen huonovointiseksi tai menettää tajuntansa, kyseessä on melko varmasti liian alhaisesta verensokerista johtuva hypoglykemia, insuliinisokki. Sokin ensiapuohjeet löydät täältä.

Tyypin 2 diabetes
Tyypin 2 (aikuistyypin) diabeetikoita on Suomessa tiedossa noin 250.000. Lisäksi noin 200.000 sairastaa diabetesta tietämättään.

Syy
Haima tuottaa insuliinia, mutta se vaikuttaa heikosti tai insuliinia ei ole tarpeeseen nähden riittävästi. Insuliinituotanto voi vuosien kuluessa ehtyä kokonaan.

Oireet
Usein oireeton, kehittyy hitaasti jopa vuosien kuluessa. Todetaan usein sattumalta tai valtimosairauden puhjettua. Oireita voivat olla esimerkiksi väsymys erityisesti aterioiden jälkeen, jalkasäryt, lihaskouristelut sekä uupumus, johon uni ei auta.

Toteaminen
Katso verensokerin raja-arvot täältä.

Hoito
Painonhallinta liikunnan ja oikean ruokavalion avulla.
Tarvittaessa myös lääkehoito. Verenpaineen ja veren rasvojen hoito sekä veren liiallisen hyytymisen esto ovat tärkeitä lisäsairauksien estämseksi ja hoitamiseksi.

 

Sairastumisikä
Yleensä yli 40-vuotiaana. Lisääntyy nopeasti kaikkialla maailmassa ja yhä nuoremmissa ikäryhmissä.

Ehkäisy
Liikunta, terveellinen ruoka, painonhallinta ja tupakoimattomuus.

Periytyvyys
Riski sairastua tyypin 2 diabetekseen on 40 %, jos toisella vanhemmista on tyypin 2 diabetes. Riski on 70 %, jos molemmilla vanhemmilla on.

Maailman diabetespäivän 2012 luentoja

Diabetestutkimussäätiö järjesti Maailman diabetespäivän luentotilaisuuden Helsingissä keskiviikkona 14.11.2012. Tilaisuudessa pidettyjen luentojen aineistoja on ohessa.

Miksi Suomessa sairastutaan
tyypin 1 diabetekseen useammin kuin missään muualla maailmassa,

professori Mikael Knip:

http://www.diabetestutkimus.fi/files/94/Mikael_Knip_14.11.2012.pdf
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http://www.diabetes.fi/
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Diabeteksessa veren sokeripitoisuus kasvaa liian suureksi.

Ravinnossa olevat hiilihydraatit hajoavat glukoosiksi (rypälesokeri) ja kulkeutuvat vereen. Normaalioloissa kun veren glukoosipitoisuus kasvaa, haima erittää insuliinia, joka auttaa siirtämään glukoosia soluihin ja alentamaan veren glukoosipitoisuutta.
Kun ihminen sairastaa diabetesta, glukoosia ei siirry verestä solujen käyttöön riittävästi sen vuoksi, ettei keho tuota tarpeeksi insuliinia tai insuliinin vaikutus on heikentynyt. Koholla oleva verensokeri voi pitkällä aikavälillä vahingoittaa monia kehon kudoksia, kuten silmiä, munuaisia, sydäntä ja verenkiertoa.

Diabeetikoiden hoidon vuotuiset kokonaiskustannukset ovat yli 11 prosenttia terveydenhuollon kokonaiskustannuksista. Diabeteksen aiheuttamista kustannuksista arviolta 90 prosenttia johtuu lisätautien hoidosta (Stakes)

Ennaltaehkäisy
Kakkostyypin diabeteksen torjumisen keinot ovat painon pitäminen normaalina ja terveellinen ruokavalio. Vihreiden lehtivihannesten syömisen on todettu vähentävän sairastumisriskiä merkittävästi.
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http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes
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Soursop leaf and bark (Powder), cure diabetes by regulating blood sugar

Last Updated: Saturday, 08 February 2014 02:40

Published: Thursday, 21 February 2013 19:17

Written by Varien Moos

It is a plant that grows in tropical areas in Central America and South America, especially in the Amazon.

It is also known as soursop, Guanábano, Catuche, Catoche, Anona Mexico, Graviola, Anona India, Mole.

The fruit is very delicate dark green covered with soft spines. Is relatively large and very thin shell. Should be harvested before they mature.

The flesh is white, creamy, meaty, juicy and slightly acidic, measuring 20-30 cm long, can weigh 6,8 kg.

All plant parts are used in natural medicine, including bark, leaves, roots and fruits, but the part that contains the greatest concentration of active ingredient is the leaf, where the Annonaceae acetogenins, which have been widely studied from the 1940 that came into use as an insecticide, leading to surprise scientists for its broad power, without causing any harmful effects in animals and man, so they agreed to fund research where, each day discovering new properties, which, as a result of scientific zeal and vested interests, remained in custody for over 20 years. Globalization and parallel studies in Japan and China, they found the light, the wonders of this generous plant.

Soursop leaf and bark (Powder), cure diabetes by regulating blood sugar, which shows its high effectiveness in endocrine commitments: liver, kidney, thyroid, pancreas, ovary, prostate, intestines, muscle relaxant smooth (heart), gall bladder, appendix and fights lung cancer or Lewis, breast cancer and brain tumors, hypotensive, anti-spasmodic, vasodilator, eliminates dust mites that cause asthma and bronchial diseases.

The leaf tea cure liver problems, improves the function of the pancreas. It is effective to deworm children, malaria cure, indicated to raise the defenses in patients with chemotherapy and also for people with HIV (AIDS).

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http://graviola.fi/tutkimukset-syopa/diabetes/

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Various morphological parts of Annona muricata have been reported to be useful as effective remedies against diabetes, hypertension, headache, dizziness, constipation, catarrh, liver problems, neuralgia, rheumatism and arthritis pain (de Almeida, 1993).     http://graviola.fi/tutkimukset-syopa/diabetes/

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Ketoasidoosi

Ketoasidoosi on ketoaineiden liikamäärästä veressä johtuva asidoosi.
Kyseessä on harvinainen ja vaarallinen elimistön poikkeustila. Esimerkiksi paastoamisen tai vähähiilihydraattisen ruokavalion johdosta elimistö siirtyy ketoosiin, jolloin ketoaineiden tuotanto käynnistyy.

Haiman tuottama insuliini säätelee ketoaineiden tuotantoa, mutta jos haima on vaurioitunut esimerkiksi diabeteksen vuoksi eikä kykene tuottamaan insuliinia, voi seurauksena olla hallitsematon ketoosi, eli ketoasidoosi.
Insuliinin puute aiheuttaa sen, ettei elimistö kykene hyödyntämään veressä olevaa glukoosia vaan alkaa polttaa rasvoja. Se tuottaa myös ketoaineita kudosten energiantarpeeseen (ketoosi). Tästä seuraa elimistön happamoituminen: veren pH on laskenut alle 7,35:n. Asidoosi voidaan todeta verikaasuanalyysillä, ketoosi taas veren tai virtsan ketoainemittauksesta.

Tyypin I diabetekseen sairastuvilla lähes kolmanneksella on ketoasidoosi sairauden toteamishetkellä (lapsilla tyypin II diabetekseen sairastuvilla noin joka kymmenellä), mutta insuliinihoidon alettua tilanne normalisoituu. Myös huonossa hoitotasapainossa oleville diabeetikoille voi kehittyä ketoasidoosi.Tulehdustauti voi heikentää insuliinin tehoa ja näin aiheuttaa ketoosia diabeetikolle.
 - Happomyrkytykseen sairastuneista menehtyy kahdeksan prosenttia.
Ketoasidoosi hoidetaan sairaalahoidossa. Potilaalle voidaan antaa nestehoitoa, ja ketoasidoosi korjautuu yleensä insuliinilla. Ketoasidoosia vaikeammin diagnosoitava ja hoidettava tila on maitohappoasidoosi

Ketoaine on elimistössä rasvasta ja etanolista muodostuva pienimolekyylinen yhdiste.
Ketoaineita muodostuu maksassa ja munuaisissa erityisesti silloin, kun hiilihydraatteja on niukasti saatavilla (kts.ketoosi) ja elimistö joutuu valmistamaan tarvittavan glukoosin itse glukoneogeneesissä.
Elimistössä muodostuu kolmea eri ketoainetta: asetoasetaatti, betahydroksibutyraatti ja asetoni.

Normaalisti ketoaineita syntyy maksan ja munuaisten solujen mitokondrioissa solujen glukoneogeneesin sivutuotteena.
Kun solut tuottavat glukoosia, ne tuottavat tarvitsemansa energian hapettamalla rasvahappoja asetyylikoentsyymi-A:ksi. Asetyylikoentsyymi-A, joka ei hapetu normaalisti sitruunahappokierrossa glukoneogeneesin ollessa käynnissä, muuntuu ketogeneesissä asetoasetaatiksi ja edelleen betahydroksibutyraatiksi.

Ketoaineet kulkeutuvat verenkierron mukana maksasta ja munuisista muualle elimistöön, jossa asetoasetaatti ja betahydroksibutyraatti voidaan käyttää hyväksi. Aivojen gliasolut käyttävät niitä lipidien rakentamiseen. Niitä voidaan hyödyntää myös energiantuotannossa. Erityisesti sydän, lihakset ja aivot käyttävät ketoaineita energianlähteenään.

Asetonia muodostuu spontaanisti asetoasetaatista ja sitä esiintyy paljon vähemmän kuin kahta muuta ketoainetta. Elimistö ei voi hyödyntää asetonia, joten se poistuu kehosta virtsan ja uloshengityksen mukana. Tästä johtuu ketoosissa olevan henkilön hengityksen "makea" tuoksu. Samasta syystä ketoosin voimakkuutta voidaan mitata virtsasta.
More: http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoasidoosi

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DIABETES -TESTI   € 24,90, sis. ALV 14% 

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The Relationship Between Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer

By pancreatica | Published March 17, 2014

“It’s complicated.”  But why should pancreatic cancer be any less convoluted than other aspects of the pancreas?  The origin of the embryologic pancreas develops from TWO buds off of the foregut – that EACH “typically” moves and develops, eventually merging to form what we know as the pancreas.  This somewhat individualistic merging process alone produces many anatomic anomalies, as any experienced pancreatic cancer surgeon will tell you.  Also, separately, the function of the pancreas is complicated, divided roughly into exocrine (digestive juice producing) and endocrine (the hormone producing “islet”) areas.
More: http://pancreatica.org/relationship-diabetes-pancreatic-cancer/
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Published online 2013 August 14. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i30.4861.

Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for pancreatic cancer?  

The relationship between diabetes mellitus and the risk of pancreatic cancer has been a matter of study for a long period of time. The importance of this topic is due to two main causes: the possible use of recent onset diabetes as a marker of the disease and, in particular, as a specific marker of pancreatic cancer, and the selection of a population at risk for pancreatic cancer. Thus, we decided to make an in-depth study of this topic; thus, we carried out an extensive literature search in order to re-assess the current knowledge on this topic.
Even if diabetes is found a decade before the appearance of pancreatic cancer as reported in meta-analytic studies, we cannot select those patients already having non detectable pancreatic cancer, at least with the imaging and biological techniques available today. We believe that more studies are necessary in order to definitively identify diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer taking into consideration that approximately 10 years are needed to diagnose symptomatic pancreatic cancer. At present, the answer to the as to whether diabetes and pancreatic cancer comes first similar to the adage of the chicken and the egg is that diabetes is the egg. More: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i30/4861.htm

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Acidic Diet Increases Risk of Diabetes, Study Says

By Daily Health Post November 15, 2013

In an analysis of data from the E3N-EPIC cohort, French women with higher scores on a measure of dietary acidity had about a 70% greater risk of developing diabetes than those whose diets were more alkaline, Guy Fagherazzi, PhD, of Gustave Roussy Institute in Villejuif in France, and colleagues reported online in Diabetologia.

Some work has suggested that Western diets rich in animal products and other acidogenic foods may create an acid load that isn’t compensated for by intake of fruits and vegetables. This can lead to chronic metabolic acidosis, which may play a role in cardiometabolic abnormalities.
Tracking the effects of acidosis

Most importantly from a blood-sugar control perspective, increasing acidosis can reduce the ability of insulin to bind at appropriate receptors in the body, and reduce insulin sensitivity. With this in mind, the scientists decided to analyse whether increased acidosis caused by dietary acid loads increased the risk of type-2 diabetes.
More: http://dailyhealthpost.com/acidic-diet-increases-risk-of-diabetes-study-says/#ixzz3E5IbiOX6 

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Diabetes and pancreatic cancer: chicken or egg?

Magruder JT¹, Elahi D, Andersen DK.

Author information

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

Although half of all patients with pancreatic cancer are diabetic at the time of diagnosis, it remains unclear whether the diabetes associated with pancreatic cancer is a cause or an effect of the malignancy.

METHODS:

Epidemiologic studies were reviewed, the geographic prevalence of diabetes and the incidence of pancreatic cancer were examined, and clinical and laboratory studies were reviewed.

RESULTS:

Long-standing diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer by 40% to 100%, and recent-onset diabetes is associated with a 4- to 7-fold increase in risk, such that 1% to 2% of patients with recent-onset diabetes will develop pancreatic cancer within 3 years. Treatment of diabetes or morbid obesity decreases the risk of pancreatic cancer, and metformin therapy decreases the risk due to both its antidiabetic and antineoplastic effects. Recent-onset diabetes associated with pancreatic cancer likely represents secondary or type 3 diabetes. The discrimination of type 3 diabetes from the more prevalent type 2 diabetes may identify the high-risk subgroup of diabetic patients in whom potentially curable pancreatic cancer may be found.

CONCLUSIONS:

Type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus increase the risk of pancreatic cancer with a latency period of more than 5 years. Type 3 diabetes mellitus is an effect, and therefore a harbinger, of pancreatic cancer in at least 30% of patients.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412116

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Glucagon

Glucagon has the opposite effect to insulin

The effects of glucagon are the opposite of the effects induced by insulin. The two hormones need to work in partnership with each other to keep blood glucose levels balanced.

What is glucagon?

Glucagon is a hormone that is produced by alpha cells in a part of the pancreas known as the islets of Langerhans.

The role of glucagon in the body

Glucagon plays an active role in allowing the body to regulate the utilisation of glucose and fats.

Glucagon is released in response to low blood glucose levels and to events whereby the body needs additional glucose, such as in response to vigorous exercise.

When glucagon is released it can perform the following tasks:

• Stimulating the liver to break down glycogen to be released into the blood as glucose
• Activating gluconeogenesis, the conversion of amino acids into glucose
• Breaking down stored fat (triglycerides) into fatty acids for use as fuel by cells

Glucagon and blood glucose levels

Glucagon serves to keep blood glucose levels high enough for the body to function well.

When blood glucose levels are low, glucagon is released and signals the liver to release glucose into the blood.

Glucagon secretion in response to meals varies depending on what we eat:

• In response to a carbohydrate based meal, glucagon levels in the blood fall to prevent blood glucose rising too high.
• In response to a high protein meal, glucagon levels in the blood rise.

Glucagon in diabetes

In people with diabetes, glucagon’s presence can raise blood glucose levels too high.

The reason for this is either because not enough insulin is present or, as is the case in type 2 diabetes, the body is less able to respond to insulin.

In type 1 diabetes, high levels of circulating insulin can inhibit the release of glucagon in response to hypoglycemia.
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http://www.diabetes.co.uk/body/glucagon.html

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