tiistai 19. helmikuuta 2019

Tampereelle avattiin maailman ensimmäinen kaupallinen 5G-verkko

Suomalainen teleoperaattoriyhtiö Elisa on avannut maailman ensimmäisen kaupallisen 5G-verkon Suomessa Tampereella ja Virossa Tallinnassa. Verkko otettiin käyttöön keskiviikkona.
27.6.2018


Tampereelta soitettiin keskiviikkoiltapäivänä "maailman ensimmäinen" puhelu 5G-verkon välityksellä. Puhelun soitti Suomen liikenne- ja viestintäministeri Anne Berner ja siihen vastasi Tallinnassa Viron talous- ja rakenneministeri Kadri Simson.

Tällainen oli maailman ensimmäinen kaupallisesta 5G-verkosta soitettu puhelu, katso video:

 "Kadri, how are you in Tallinn?"  27.6.2018



Tampereelle 5G-verkon rakentaneen Elisan mobiiliteknologiajohtaja Eetu Prieur sanoo, että verkko kattaa tällä hetkellä vasta Tampereen ydinkeskustan. Tukiasemat on pystytetty Keskusvirastotalon katolle, Elisan konttorin katolle Näsilinnankadulla ja Tampereen rautatieasemalle.
Ensimmäinen 5G-puhelu soitettiin Frenckellinaukiolta. Aukiolle pystytetylle lavalle oli tuotu reititin, jonka muodostamaan wifi-verkkoon kytkettiin matkapuhelin. Tallinnassa järjestetyssä tilaisuudessa puhelun otti vastaan samanlainen valkoinen pömpeli. Käytännössä puhelu siis kulki 5G-verkossa vain reitittimien välillä. Puhelimesta reitittimeen ja toisinpäin se kulki edelleen hitaampaa yhteyttä pitkin, koska harvat puhelimet toimivat vielä 5G-verkossa.

Tällä hetkellä 5G-verkko kattaa vain Tampereen keskustan.
Tällä hetkellä 5G-verkko kattaa vain Tampereen keskustan.
JUKKA-PETTERI ERONEN
Elisa on Suomessa ensimmäinen teleoperaattori, joka on avannut 5G-verkkonsa. Telia ja Nokia puolestaan ilmoittivat vuonna 2016, että ne aikovat avata 5G-verkon Helsingissä vuonna 2018.
5G-verkko ei kuitenkaan vielä mullista tavallisen internetin käyttäjän elämää. 5G-reitittimiä tai -puhelimia ei vielä ole myynnissä. Kauppoihin saapuessaan ne ovat myös edeltäjiään moninkertaisesti kalliimpia. Prieur sanoo, että Elisa testaa vielä yhteyksiä Tampereella. Hän arvioi, että verkkoon sopivia tuotteita saattaisi tulla myyntiin vuoden 2019 alusta.
Elisalla on tällä hetkellä käytössään väliaikaiset taajuudet Tampereella. Viestintävirasto järjestää 5G-taajuuksista syksyllä huutokaupan.
Tapahtumaa todistamassa olivat Tampereella myös pormestari Lauri Lyly (sd.) sekä Elisan toimitusjohtaja Veli-Matti Mattila.
3G-, 4G ja 5G-tukiasemat Keskusvirastotalon katolla.
3G-, 4G ja 5G-tukiasemat Keskusvirastotalon katolla.
LAURA TALVITIE / AAMULEHTI
Kullekin verkolle on erikseen oma tukiasema.
Kullekin verkolle on erikseen oma tukiasema.
SATUMAARI VENTELÄ
Korjaus 27.6.2018 kello 18.26: Korjattu jutusta väärä vuosiluku. 5G-verkkoon sopivia tuotteita saattaisi tulla myyntiin vuoden 2019 alusta.
Korjaus 27.6.2018 kello 18.59: Helsinkiin 5g verkon avaavat Telia ja Nokia, ei Sonera.

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Wireless Companies Warn Investors Before Customers About Cell Phone Radiation Health Risk

CELL PHONE RADIATION
Corporate Wireless Investor Warnings contained in Annual Reports filed on Form 10-K (or Form 20-F or 40-F for foreign companies) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
“We may incur significant expenses defending such suits or government charges and may be required to pay amounts or otherwise change our operations in ways that could materially adversely affect our operations or financial results.”
Cell phone manufacturers and providers of their infrastructure are aware that the radiation from their products could be risky and warn their shareholders. See below excerpts from statements in their annual reports that indicate these companies are informing their shareholders that they may incur significant financial losses related to electromagnetic fields and health effects such as brain tumors and among several other reported health effects.
You won’t see an infographic like this is a cell phone store!  In a 2017 report for wireless investors, the EMF health risk issue was ranked as having the “highest” impact over several other potential loss of profit.  The graphic states, “EMF health-related risks EMF found to pose health risks causing a reduction in mobile usage and litigation.”
The report states that: “What is the risk? Electromagnetic signals emitted by mobile devices and base stations may be found to pose health risks, with potential impacts including changes to national legislation, a reduction in mobile phone usage or litigation.”
Wireless companies now put health effects from cell phone radiation above all other potential corporate losses #11Vodaphone-Principal-Risk-EMF-cell phone radiation cancer cost

Nokia Corporation 2017 Annual Report

*** Important changes made from 2014 report
“An unfavorable outcome of litigation, arbitrations, agreement-related disputes or product liability-related allegations against our business could have a material adverse effect on us.
We are a party to lawsuits, arbitrations, agreement-related disputes and product liability-related allegations in the normal course of our business. 

 Litigation, arbitration or agreement-related disputes can be expensive, lengthy and disruptive to normal business operations and divert the efforts of our management. Moreover, the outcomes of complex legal proceedings or agreement-related disputes are difficult to predict. An unfavorable resolution of a particular lawsuit, arbitration or agreement-related dispute could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. The investment or acquisition decisions we make may subject us to litigation arising from minority shareholders’ actions and investor dissatisfaction with the activities of our business. Shareholder disputes, if resolved against us, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations as well as expose us to disputes or litigation.
We record provisions for pending claims when we determine that an unfavorable outcome is likely and the loss can reasonably be estimated. Due to the inherent uncertain nature of legal proceedings, the ultimate outcome or actual cost of settlement may materially differ from estimates. We believe our provisions for pending claims are appropriate. The ultimate outcome, however, may differ from the provided estimate, which could have either a positive or an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Although our products are designed to meet all relevant safety standards and other recommendations and regulatory requirements globally, we cannot guarantee we will not become subject to product liability claims or be held liable for such claims or be required to comply with future regulatory changes in this area, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. We have been involved in several lawsuits alleging adverse health effects associated with our products, including those caused by electromagnetic fields, and the outcome of such procedures is difficult to predict, including potentially significant fines or settlements. Even a perceived risk of adverse health effects of mobile devices or base stations could have a material adverse effect on us through a reduction in the demand for mobile devices having an adverse effect, for instance, through a decreased demand for mobile networks or increased difficulty in obtaining sites for base stations.
For a more detailed discussion of litigation to which we are a party, refer to Note 29, Provisions, of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F.”
*** Important changes made from 2014 report
“Regulations about health risks associated with electromagnetic waves.
There have been some research results that have indicated the possibility that electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile devices and base stations have adverse health effects, such as increasing the risk of cancer.

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has prescribed guidelines relating to the amplitudes of these electromagnetic waves. The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued an opinion that there is no convincing evidence that electromagnetic waves have adverse effects on health when their amplitude is within the reference values in the ICNIRP’s guidelines, and recommends that all countries adopt them. The Group complies with a policy for protection from electromagnetic waves based on the ICNIRP guidelines in Japan, and complies with the requirements of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the U.S. However, the WHO and other organizations continue to conduct research and investigations, the results of which may lead to regulations being revised in the future, or new regulations being introduced. Complying with such revision or introduction of regulations may incur costs, or may restrict the Group’s business operations, which could impact the Group’s results of operations. Moreover, regardless of the presence of such regulations, concerns over the adverse effects on health associated with use of mobile devices could make it difficult for the Group to acquire and retain customers, which could impact the Group’s results of operations.” – pg. 71
“An unfavorable outcome of litigation…allegations of health hazards associated with our businesses could have a material adverse effect on us.
Although NOKIA products are designed to meet all relevant safety standard and recommendations globally, we cannot guarantee we will not become subject to product liability claims or be held liable for such claims or be required to comply with future regulatory changes in this area, and these could have a material adverse effect on our business. ‘

“We have been involved in several lawsuits alleging adverse health effects associated with our products, including those caused by electromagnetic fields and the outcome of such procedures is difficult to predict, including the potentially significant fines or settlements.”

“Even a perceived risk of adverse health effects of mobile devices or base stations could have a material adverse affect on us through reduction in the demand for mobile devices having an adverse effect, for instance through decreased demand for mobile networks or increased difficulty in obtaining sites for base stations.”

https://www.rfsafe.com/wireless-companies-warn-investors-before-their-consumers-about-cell-phone-radiation-health-risk/
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FCC abandons safety, pushes untested 5G network on public

Monday, February 20, 2017 by:  



(Natural News) The scientific dictatorship marches on.
And there’s no stopping it, according to Tom Wheeler, the former FCC Chairman under the Obama administration, who eagerly gave unction to a new spectrum of dangerous and potentially deadly frequencies under the moniker of the 5G network.
His press conference in June 2016 stressed the billions of dollars to be made by building a massive infrastructure, as well as the overarching need for processing power to connect the Internet of things (IoT) to the cloud. He also proudly proclaimed that there is no need for research, tests, studies or any rules whatsoever with respect to these new electromagnetic frequencies (EMF) soon to cover our nation.

https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2018/09/fcc-abandons-safety-pushes-untested-5g.html

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Scientists and doctors call for a moratorium on the roll-out of 5G. 



5G will substantially increase exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields RF-EMF, that has been proven to be harmful for humans and the environment.


The appeal

Scientists and doctors warn of potential serious health effects of 5G

We the undersigned scientists and doctors  recommend a moratorium on the roll-out of the fifth generation, 5G, for telecommunication until potential hazards for human health and the environment have been fully investigated by scientists independent from industry.
5G will substantially increase exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on top of the 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-Fi, etc. for telecommunications already in place. RF-EMF has been proven to be harmful for humans and the environment.    
Appeal translated to: / DE / ES / FI / FR / IT / SV

5G leads to massive increase of mandatory exposure to wireless radiation

5G technology is effective only over short distance. It is poorly transmitted through solid material. Many new antennas will be required and full-scale implementation will result in antennas every 10 to 12 houses in urban areas, thus massively increasing mandatory exposure.
With ”the ever more extensive use of wireless technologies,” nobody can avoid to be exposed. Because on top of the increased number of 5G-transmitters (even within housing, shops and in hospitals) according to estimates, ”10 to 20 billion connections” (to refrigerators, washing machines, surveillance cameras, self-driving cars and buses, etc.) will be parts of the Internet of Things. All these together can cause a substantial increase in the total, long term RF-EMF exposure to all EU citizens.
Harmful effects of RF-EMF exposure are already proven
Over 230 scientists from more than 40 countries have expressed their “serious concerns” regarding the ubiquitous and increasing exposure to EMF generated by electric and wireless devices already before the additional 5G roll-out. They refer to the fact that ”numerous recent scientific publications have shown that EMF affects living organisms at levels well below most international and national guidelines”. Effects include increased cancer risk, cellular stress, increase in harmful free radicals, genetic damages, structural and functional changes of the reproductive system, learning and memory deficits, neurological disorders, and negative impacts on general well-being in humans. Damage goes well beyond the human race, as there is growing evidence of harmful effects to both plants and animals.
After the scientists’ appeal was written in 2015 additional research has convincingly confirmed serious health risks from RF-EMF fields from wireless technology.  The world’s largest study (25 million US dollar) National Toxicology Program (NTP), shows statistically significant increase in the incidence of brain and heart cancer in animals exposed to EMF below the ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) guidelines followed by most countries. These results support results in human epidemiological studies on RF radiation and brain tumour risk.  A large number of peer-reviewed scientific reportsdemonstrate harm to human health from EMFs.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the cancer agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2011 concluded that EMFs of frequencies 30 KHz – 300 GHz are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

However, new studies like the NTP study mentioned above and several epidemiological investigations including the latest studies on mobile phone use and brain cancer risks confirm that RF-EMF radiation is carcinogenic to humans.
The EUROPA EM-EMF Guideline 2016 states that ”there is strong evidence thatlong-term exposure to certain EMFs is a risk factor for diseases such as certain cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, and male infertility…Common EHS (electromagnetic hypersensitivity) symptoms include headaches, concentration difficulties, sleep problems, depression, lack of energy, fatigue, and flu-like symptoms.”
An increasing part of the European population is affected by ill health symptoms that have for many years been linked to exposure to EMF and wireless radiation in the scientific literature. The International Scientific Declaration on EHS & multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), Brussels 2015, declares that: “In view of our present scientific knowledge, we thereby stress all national and international bodies and institutions…to recognize EHS and MCS as true medical conditions which acting as sentinel diseases may create a major public health concern in years to come worldwide i.e. in all the countries implementing unrestricted use of electromagnetic field-based wireless technologies and marketed chemical substances… Inaction is a cost to society and is not an option anymore… we unanimously acknowledge this serious hazard to public health…that major primary prevention measures are adopted and prioritized, to face this worldwide pan-epidemic in perspective.” 
Precautions
The Precautionary Principle (UNESCO) was adopted by EU 2005: ”When human activities may lead to morally unacceptable harm that is scientifically plausible but uncertain, actions shall be taken  to avoid or diminish that harm.” 

More...
https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2018/10/scientists-and-doctors-call-for.html
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5G is already linked to rising health problems… concerns about “health calamity” on the rise
Tuesday, July 31, 2018 by: 



(Natural News) Fifth generation technology for mobile networks, known as 5G, is set to make its big debut in Sacremento, CA this summer — but faster internet speeds aren’t all this new technology is known for. Concerns about the effects of the new cell service are mounting, especially with the growing body of research tying cell phone radiation to cancer and other adverse health outcomes. Outside the lab, firefighters and others exposed to 5G devices say that they are already experiencing negative cognitive effects, including confusion and memory issues.

.Radiation from cell phones and cell towers has already been linked to brain cancer. With the advent of 5G, there will be more towers that are closer together — a recipe for disaster, according to health advocates. Multiple cell service providers have announced that they will be rolling out 5G for faster speeds, but the impact of the new network is poorly understood at best. More, concerns about what the long-term effects of the near-constant radiation bath provided by 5G networks are continuing to grow — and for good reason.

https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/p/5g-is-already-linked-to-rising-health.html
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Top 20 Facts On 5G: What You Need To Know About 5G Wireless And “Small” Cells
What You Need To Know About 5G Wireless And “Small” Cells


Download a PDF of this information on a two page  EHT Factsheet on 5G and Health. The factsheet is hyperlinked (blue text) to research and sources. It is a great resource for policymakers. Read the research on 5G and health here.  
What is the alternative? A safe wired solution is the future. Read “Re-Inventing Wires: The Future of Landlines and Networks”. 
Read also two publications in the  Santa Clara Medical Association Magazine, “Wireless Silent Spring” and  “A 5G Wireless Future: Will it give us a Smart Future of Contribute to an Unhealthy One?” 
Nationwide, communities are being told by wireless companies that it is necessary to build “small cell” wireless facilities in neighborhoods ons street lights and utility poles in order to offer 5G, a new technology that will connect the Internet of Things (IoT).
At the local, state, and federal level, new legislation and new zoning aim to streamline the installation of these 5G “small cell” antennas in public rights-of-way.

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Cities of the future that use 5G technology will increase public exposure to EMF pollution

Friday, July 20, 2018 by:  

Image: Cities of the future that use 5G technology will increase public exposure to EMF pollution

(Natural News) Verizon recently reiterated plans to launch 5G internet service in the United States by the end of 2018, equipping so-called “Smart Cities” with the latest and greatest data speeds to date. But the dangers associated with 5G electromagnetic frequency (EMF) pollution continue to be ignored, despite growing evidence to suggest that many people will incur serious harm from exposure to it.
5G, short for “fifth generation,” will greatly expand the range of microwave radiation used by consumer devices, including higher-end gigahertz range frequencies that have never before been publicly deployed. These frequencies travel much shorter distances than current 3G and 4G technologies and don’t penetrate buildings as well; but the places where they can reach will be much more saturated in EMF radiation.
The antennas that deliver 5G will also have to be much more plentiful and invasive in order for the network to function, requiring an estimated one million new base stations per carrier. This means that between Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, and Sprint, Americans can expect to be bombarded with at least four million additional EMF radiators plastered throughout their neighborhoods – the long-term exposure to which remains largely unknown.

It’s all happening in the name of “progress” – but if 5G is so wonderful as its purveyors claim, then why are some legislators pushing new laws that would make it difficult, if not impossible, for local communities to “opt out” of the program? Senator John Thune, a Republican from South Dakota, reportedly introduced a bill recently, known as the “Mobile Now Act,” or S.B. 19, that would eliminate community say in where new cellular antennas are placed.

This means that Verizon would be allowed to legally place a 5G antenna on the light pole right outside of your house, and you’d have no say in the matter. This is problematic as 5G technology has been scientifically shown to harm human life by causing things like insomnia, nosebleeds, and even stillbirths.

Is 5G really about “convenience” and “progress,” or is it about control and depopulation?

The goal is to connect every single “Smart” device in the world, including newfangled microwaves, refrigerators, and even toothbrushes equipped with Wi-Fi technology, to the 5G control grid. And the only way this is possible is to have 5G antennas everywhere – meaning humanity in the very near future won’t be able to avoid them.
Proponents of 5G claim that it’s all about improving energy efficiency and making people’s lives more convenient. But the truth is that it’s about collecting mass amounts of private data that can be sold to marketers for untold billions of dollars. Some say that 5G is also about depopulation, seeing as how it’s an absolute health nightmare.
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) invested $25 million to study the nature of EMF radiation with the aim of proving that all mobile phone radiation is safe. What it ended up finding is that even primitive technologies like 2G can cause DNA damage and brain cancer – suggesting that much stronger 5G emitted from far more towers will be exponentially worse.
“If you search ‘EMF science’ you will find abundant research that shows sperm damage and negative effects on immune, endocrine, cardiac, and nervous system functioning,” explains NaturalHealth365.com. “This is why many people are now experiencing symptoms, such as headaches, tinnitus, and sleep disturbance, when overexposed to wireless technology.”
Concerned citizens are encouraged to contact their local and state officials to urge better protections and more research into 5G technology. You can also warn others about the dangers of EMF radiation and encourage them to take action.
For more news about the dangers of EMF radiation, be sure to visit EMF.news.

https://www.naturalnews.com/2018-07-20-cities-of-the-future-that-use-5g-technology-increase-public-exposure-to-emf-pollution.htmlSources for this article include:
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Elsevier

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

Volume 75, Part B, September 2016, Pages 43-51
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

Review
Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression

Under a Creative Commons license
open access


Highlights

•
Microwave EMFs activate voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) concentrated in the brain.
•
Animal studies show such low level MWV EMFs have diverse high impacts in the brain.
•
VGCC activity causes widespread neuropsychiatric effects in humans (genetic studies).
•
26 studies have EMFs assoc. with neuropsychiatric effects; 5 criteria show causality.
•
MWV EMFs cause at least 13 neuropsychiatric effects including depression in humans.

Abstract

Non-thermal microwave/lower frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. Calcium channel blockers block EMF effects and several types of additional evidence confirm this mechanism. Low intensity microwave EMFs have been proposed to produce neuropsychiatric effects, sometimes called microwave syndrome, and the focus of this review is whether these are indeed well documented and consistent with the known mechanism(s) of action of such EMFs. VGCCs occur in very high densities throughout the nervous system and have near universal roles in release of neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. Soviet and Western literature shows that much of the impact of non-thermal microwave exposures in experimental animals occurs in the brain and peripheral nervous system, such that nervous system histology and function show diverse and substantial changes. These may be generated through roles of VGCC activation, producing excessive neurotransmitter/neuroendocrine release as well as oxidative/nitrosative stress and other responses. Excessive VGCC activity has been shown from genetic polymorphism studies to have roles in producing neuropsychiatric changes in humans. Two U.S. government reports from the 1970s to 1980s provide evidence for many neuropsychiatric effects of non-thermal microwave EMFs, based on occupational exposure studies. 18 more recent epidemiological studies, provide substantial evidence that microwave EMFs from cell/mobile phone base stations, excessive cell/mobile phone usage and from wireless smart meters can each produce similar patterns of neuropsychiatric effects, with several of these studies showing clear dose–response relationships. Lesser evidence from 6 additional studies suggests that short wave, radio station, occupational and digital TV antenna exposures may produce similar neuropsychiatric effects. Among the more commonly reported changes are sleep disturbance/insomnia, headache, depression/depressive symptoms, fatigue/tiredness, dysesthesia, concentration/attention dysfunction, memory changes, dizziness, irritability, loss of appetite/body weight, restlessness/anxiety, nausea, skin burning/tingling/dermographism and EEG changes. In summary, then, the mechanism of action of microwave EMFs, the role of the VGCCs in the brain, the impact of non-thermal EMFs on the brain, extensive epidemiological studies performed over the past 50 years, and five criteria testing for causality, all collectively show that various non-thermal microwave EMF exposures produce diverse neuropsychiatric effects.

Keywords

Excessive calcium effects
Oxidative/nitrosative stress
Low-intensity microwave electromagnetic fields
Chemicals having roles:
Calcium(2+)
Oxido nitrite (peroxynitrite)


1. Introduction

Microwave syndrome (Hocking, 2001, Johnson Liakouris, 1998), a combination of various neuropsychiatric symptoms originally described in persons with occupational exposures to microwave frequency EMFs, has been disputed largely because of the lack of an apparent mechanism for generating these symptoms. It is reported to often include such symptoms as fatigue, headache, insomnia, dysesthesia (impaired sensation), irritability, lack of concentration and other symptoms (Hocking, 2001, Johnson Liakouris, 1998). Similar but more extensive combinations of symptoms have been reported following occupational exposures in two U.S. government reports from the 1970s/1980s (Naval Medical Research Institute Research Report, 1971, Raines, 1981) and following environmental exposures as described in two more recent reviews (Khurana et al., 2010, Levitt and Lai, 2010).
The goal here is not just to review the epidemiology, however, but more importantly to consider the issue of possible physiological mechanism(s).Hennekens and Buring (1989), on p. 40 in their textbook Epidemiology in Medicine state “The belief in the existence of a cause and effect relationship is enhanced if there is a known or postulated biologic mechanism by which the exposure might reasonably alter risk of developing disease.” It is of critical importance therefore to assess possible biological mechanism before considering the epidemiological evidence.
Accordingly, this paper considers the mechanism by which low intensity microwave EMFs impact the cells of our bodies, how that mechanism may be predicted to impact the nervous system, evidence for such impact from experimental animal studies, genetic polymorphism evidence for that mechanism acting in humans to produce neuropsychiatric effects and finally, the epidemiological evidence for such effects in human populations with repeated low level microwave EMF exposure. Consideration of each of these types of evidence influences the overall interpretation presented in this paper.

2. Microwave/lower frequency EMFs act to activate voltage-gated calcium channels

In 24 different studies reviewed earlier (Pall, 2013) and two additional studies (Li et al., 2014, Lisi et al., 2006), microwave and lower frequency low intensity EMF effects were blocked or greatly lowered by calcium channel blockers, agents thought to be specific for blocking voltage-gated calcium channels(VGCCs). In these 26 studies, a total of 5 distinct types of channel blockers were used, with each type having a distinct structure and binding to a distinct site, such that it is essentially certain that these must be acting by blocking VGCCs, which is their only known common property. In each of these 26 studies, each of the responses studied, were blocked or greatly lowered by calcium channel blockers, showing that VGCC activation has roles in producing a wide variety of EMF effects. There is a large literature on changes in calcium fluxes and incalcium signaling following microwave EMF exposure (partially reviewed inWalleczek, 1992, Adey, 1993); each of these, including calcium efflux changes, can be explained as being due to VGCC activation, again suggesting a widespread role of VGCC activation in producing biological responses to EMFs. Pilla (2012)showed that pulsed microwave field exposure, produced an almost instantaneous increase in calcium/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide (NO) signaling, providing strong evidence that these fields can produce an almost instantaneous VGCC activation. It is likely, that these EMFs act directly on the voltage sensor of the VGCCs to produce VGCC activation (Pall, 2015) with the voltage sensor being exquisitely sensitive to these EMFs because of its physical properties and location in the plasma membrane.
EMFs have been proposed to act to produce a wide variety of responses in the cell, via downstream effects of VGCC activation (Pall, 2013, Pall, 2014, Pall, 2015), including elevated intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i, excessive calcium and nitric oxide signaling and also excessive peroxynitrite, free radicals and oxidative stress.
VGCC activation has been shown to have a universal or near-universal role in the release of neurotransmitters in the brain and also in the release of hormones by neuroendocrine cells (Berridge, 1998, Dunlap et al., 1995, Wheeler et al., 1994), with such release being produced by calcium signaling. There are high densities of diverse VGCCs occurring in neurons throughout the nervous system. Both the high VGCC density and their function in neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine release throughout the nervous system suggests that the nervous system is likely to be highly sensitive to low intensity EMFs.

3. Genetic polymorphism studies

Genetic polymorphism studies are powerful tools for looking at the roles of specific proteins in human populations. In Table 1, a series of genetic polymorphism studies have been performed that show that an allele producing increased expression of the gene encoding the channel of the main L-type VGCC in the brain, produces diverse neuropsychiatric effects. These studies clearly show that excess L-type VGCC activity can cause neuropsychiatric effects. They also predict, therefore, that increased VGCC activity produced by microwave EMFs may be able to also produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects.

Table 1. Influence of genetic polymorphism of the CACNA1C in producing diverse neuropsychiatric effects.
CitationGenetic polymorphismChanges produced by allele of gene
Bhat et al. (2012)Polymorphism producing Increased expression of CACNA1C L-type VGCC subunitReview: The polymorphism Is associated with increased susceptibility to bipolar disorder, “depression, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, as well as changes in brain function and structure in control subjects who have no diagnosable psychiatric illness.”
Bigos et al. (2010)Polymorphism producing Increased expression of CACNA1C L-type VGCC subunitAssociated with increases in both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Krug et al. (2010)Polymorphism producing increased expression of CACNA1C L-type VGCC subunitNegatively influences language production on a semantic level
Krug et al. (2014)Polymorphism producing increased expression of CACNA1C L-type VGCC subunitInfluences episodic memory and retrieval
Soeiro-de-Souza et al. (2012)Polymorphism producing increased expression of CACNA1C L-type VGCC subunitProduces impaired facial emotion recognition
Tesli et al. (2013)Polymorphism producing increased expression of CACNA1C L-type VGCC subunitProduces increased activation of the amygdala during emotional processing
Thimm et al. (2011)Polymorphism producing increased expression of CACNA1C L-type VGCC subunitAssociated with attention deficits including alerting, orienting and executive control of attention

4. Histological and functional changes in central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) in animals exposed to microwave EMFs

The most extensive literature on histological and functional changes in animals is from the Soviet literature from the 1950s/1960s with additional Western literature from the same time period. Both Soviet and non-Soviet literature were reviewed in an English language Publication by Tolgskaya and Gordon (1973). This publication is, therefore, the main focus of this section. That publication was divided into thermal and non-thermal exposure studies, with the non-thermal studies which occupy the majority of the text (pp. 53–137) being of sole interest here.
These were all derived from the Tolgskaya and Gordon (1973) review and page numbers listed are page numbers from that document. All refer to changes produced by non-thermal exposures in the nervous system of experimental animals, with most being in rats.
This discussion scrolls down through Table 2.

Table 2. Histological and functional changes in brain function in animals following exposure to non-thermal microwave EMFs.
Observations including page numbersComment from Author
The majority of the histological changes seen following non-thermal exposures, occurred in the nervous system, despite its being only about 2% of the tissue mass in rodents; this suggests that the nervous system is highly sensitive to such exposures. Elsewhere (pp. 129, 136), it is suggested that the nervous system is the most sensitive tissue, followed by the heart and the testis, among all of the tissues of the body. The most severe histological changes produced by these non-thermal EMF exposures occur in the nervous system (pp. 136).High CNS sensitivity to EMFs is predicted by the high density of VGCCs that occur in neurons throughout the nervous system, plus the VGCC role in neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine release.
Pulsed fields were more active than non-pulsed fields in producing histological changes (pp. 71, 97).Pulsed fields have often been found to be more biologically active than are non-pulsed fields in many different studies from many countries (Pall, 2015, Pangopoulos et al., 2013,Belyaev, 2015).
Nervous system regions impacted by non-thermal microwave and lower frequency fields include: cortex, diencephalon including the hypothalamus and thalamus, hippocampus, autonomic ganglia, sensory fibers, pituitary gland including neurohypophysis.
Neuroendocrine changes seem to undergo change over increased time of exposure. Neurosecretion in the hypothalamus and in the pituitary each go through a complex sequence over time, where EMF exposure initially produces increased hormone secretion but where over time, the neurosecretory cells become “exhausted”, leading to lowered secretion and in some cases cell death (pp. 77–96).Elevated [Ca2+]i stimulates hormone secretion. However when such elevated [Ca2+]i occurs over extended time periods it is highly damaging to the cell, leading in some cases to apoptosis; thus this time course of action should not be surprising.
Histological changes include boutons/argyrophilia, smaller neurons, vacuole formation in neuroendocrine cells, bead-like thickening along dendrites (pp. 66, 70, 71, 73, 97, 98, 100, 111, 115–117, 121–125). Spines near the ends of dendrites become deformed and with still more sessions of irradiation, disappeared entirely (p. 70). Sensory neurons, following exposures, developed changes characteristic of irritation, with “marked tortuosity of the nerve fibers.” Many histological changes are seen in the hypothalamic cells (pp. 87–92) as their neuroendocrine function becomes impacted. Histological changes were found even with exposures that produced no apparent functional changes.
Many histological and functional changes are reported to initially be reversible, following cessation of exposure, but progressively become irreversible with longer exposure. (pp. 64, 72, 74). Paralleling the development of irreversibility, it is found that “Repeated exposure leads to gradual increase in severity of observed changes.” … including “increasingly severe disturbance of conditioned reflex activity in the animals, changes in responses of animals particularly sensitive to acoustic stimulation….” (p. 104).If this is also true in humans, then claims that there cannot be non-thermal effects, claims which act to prolong exposures, may be causing irreversible damage to many humans.
EEG changes (pp. 55, 60, 102), including seizure activity following sensory provocation.Lai (1997) has an extensive review of EEG changes in animals following non-thermal microwave EMF exposures
Neurodegeneration is reported in a number of places in this review (pp. 72, 83, 117).
Synaptic connections in regions of the brain are disrupted (pp. 65–74, 97, 113, 121, 136), and at the extreme, some neurons are completely asynaptic (p. 73).Synaptic connections are known to be disrupted in autism; could this suggest that autism may be generated by EMF exposure? No doubt, we need much more evidence on this.
“after prolonged and repeated irradiation with low-intensity centimeter waves, with no elevation of the body temperature and when the animal's condition remained satisfactory, changes were nevertheless found in the sensory fibers of the skin and viscera in the form of irritation phenomena. These findings concur with the view in the literature that the receptor system as a whole and, in particular its preterminal portions are highly sensitive.” p. 76. This description is similar to what is reported to occur in electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). Other such studies are described and include cumulative changes over time, that may also explain changes reported in EHS (pp. 75, 99, 100, 104).One wonders whether almost 60 years ago, the Soviet literature may have already described a possible animal model for EHS. None is known to exist today, and because of that, EHS studies are severely constrained. Clearly one needs to be skeptical about this interpretation, but it is of great importance that this be further studied.
The majority of the histological changes seen in these mostly rodent studies, are seen in the nervous system, despite its being less than 2% of the rodent cell mass. There are statements made that the nervous system, both central and peripheral, is the most highly sensitive tissue to these non-thermal microwave and lower frequency EMFs. Following the nervous system in sensitivity are the myocardium and the testis; myocardial cells are known to have very high densities of VGCCs with especially high densities in the pacemaker cells and the testis is known to have high densities specifically of the T-type VGCCs. Pulsed EMFs are more active in producing histological changes in the brain than are non-pulsed fields, in two studies reviewed; there is a much larger literature showing that in most cases pulsed fields are more biologically active (Pall, 2015, Pangopoulos et al., 2013, Belyaev, 2015).
A wide variety of brain and peripheral nervous system tissues show histological changes following non-thermal exposures. Among the important tissues impacted are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, where both show similar patterns of changes in neuroendocrine activities. There Is an initial increase in neuroendocrine activity (this may be produced directly by VGCC stimulation of secretion), followed over time by “exhaustion” of neuroendocrine activity (this may be produced by tissue damage produced from long term intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i elevation).
There are widespread histological changes produced in neuronal and neuroendocrine tissues. These were repeatedly reported to be largely reversible on cessation of EMF exposure. They become, however, irreversible when exposure is extended in time. There are changes in EEG activity, which may be an easily measurable monitor of neurological damage.
In a summary statement, Tolgskaya and Gordon (1973) state, “This does not confirm the view, so widely held in the past among Soviet investigators and still maintained to a large extent even at the present time in the West, that the action of microwaves is entirely thermal.”
While there were many studies of brain impact of non-thermal EMFs performed in the 1950s/60s that make the information content of Tolgskaya and Gordon (1973) quite high, there is also a substantial recent literature on brain effects of non-thermal microwave EMF exposures (see, for example:Ammari et al., 2008a, Ammari et al., 2008b, Bas et al., 2009, Brillaud et al., 2007,Carballo-Quintás et al., 2011, Eberhardt et al., 2008, Dasdag et al., 2009, Dasdag et al., 2012, Grafström et al., 2008, Kumlin et al., 2007, López-Martín et al., 2006,Mausset-Bonnefont et al., 2004, Odaci et al., 2008, Rağbetli et al., 2010, Salford et al., 2003, Sonmez et al., 2010).

5. Older epidemiological reviews and other related studies

Two U.S. Government reports each listed many apparent neuropsychiatric effects of microwave/radiofrequency EMFs and a third recognized the role of non-thermal effects on our bodies, but had only a little consideration of neuropsychiatric effects.
The earliest to these was a Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) Research Report (1971) which listed 40 apparent neuropsychiatric changes produced by non-thermal exposures including: 5 central/peripheral nervous system (NS) changes, 9 CNS effects, 4 autonomic system effects, 17 psychological disorders, 4 behavioral changes and 2 misc. effects. This NMRI report also provided a supplementary document listing over 2300 citations documenting these and other effects of microwave exposures in humans and in animals.
The Raines (1981) NASA report reviewed extensive literature based on occupational exposures to non-thermal microwave EMFs, with that literature coming from U.S., Western European and Eastern European studies. There are no obvious differences in the literature coming from these different regions. Based on multiple studies, Raines (1981) reports 19 neuropsychiatric effects to be associated with occupational microwave/radiofrequency EMFs.
The Bolen (1994) report put out by the Rome Laboratory of the U.S. Air Force, acknowledged the role of non-thermal effects of microwave EMFs on humans. This report states in the Conclusion section that “Experimental evidence has shown that exposure to low intensity radiation can have a profound effect onbiological processes. The nonthermal effects of RF/MW radiation exposure are becoming important measures of biological interaction of EM fields.” ClearlyBolen (1994) rejects the claim that only thermal effects occur. Bolen (1994)discusses a specific non-thermal neuropsychiatric effect, where anesthetized animals are awakened when the head is irradiated with microwave EMFs. This suggests a similar mechanism to that acting in humans where such EMFs produce insomnia (see below).

6. Specific epidemiological studies on neuropsychiatric effects of microwave EMFs

There are 26 different epidemiological studies described in Table 3. Although 4 of these only studied a single neuropsychiatric effect, 22 of these each provide substantial evidence for the pattern described in the earlier U.S. reports, that a wide range of neuropsychiatric effects are produced by exposure to various non-thermal microwave frequency EMFs. Perhaps the most important of these 26 is the Santini et al. (2003) study of people living near cell phone base stations.

Table 3. Neuropsychiatric symptoms apparently produced by exposure to variouselectromagnetic fields.
CitationEMF exposureApparent neuropsychiatric symptoms
Abdel-Rassoul et al. (2007)Living near mobile phone base stationSignificant increases in neuropsychiatric complaints included: headache, memory changes, dizziness, tremors, depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance; attributed to effects of EMFs on the human nervous system.
Al-Khlaiwi and Meo (2004)Mobile phone useHigher prevalence of fatigue, headache, dizziness, tension and sleep disturbance; the authors conclude that mobile phone use is a risk factor for developing these symptoms.
Altpeter et al. (2000)Short-wave broadcasting tower, ranging from 6.1 to 21.8 MHzSleep disruption shown to occur, correlated with exposures and apparent increase over time; short term suppression of melatonin shown, based on melatonin increases during a 3 day period when the tower was turned off.
Bortkiewicz et al. (2004)Living near cell phone base station EMFsSleep disturbance, irritability, depression, blurred vision, concentration difficulties, nausea, lack of appetite, headache, vertigo.
Bortkiewicz et al. (2012)Living near mobile phone base stationsDose response relationships for sleep disturbance, irritability, depression, blurred vision, concentration difficulties, nausea, lack of appetite.
Chu et al. (2011), alsoChia et al. (2000),Oftedal et al. (2000)Mobile phone useHeadache during prolonged mobile phone use or within an hour following such use, with pain occurring on the ipsilateral side of the head; similar observations obtained in each of the 3 studies in column 1; see also Frey (1998).
Conrad (2013)Smart meter EMF exposure14 common new symptoms (both severe and moderate) among those exposed and symptomatic, 13 apparent neuropsychiatric: Insomnia, tinnitus, pressure in the head, concentration difficulty, headaches, memory problems, agitation, dizziness, fatigue, skin tingling/burning, involuntary muscle contractions, eye/vision problems, numbness; These ranged in prevalence from 63% to 19% of those experiencing symptoms, such that most symptomatic people experienced multiple symptoms.
Dasdag et al. (1992)People working in MW broadcasting or at a television transmitter stationThese groups suffered from headache, fatigue, irritability, stress, sleepiness, loss of appetite, loss of hearing.
Dwyer and Leeper (1978)People working in radiofrequency EMFsHeadache, eyestrain, dizziness, disturbed sleep, daytime sleepiness, moodiness, mental depression, memory impairment, muscle and/or cardiac pain, breathing difficulties, increased perspiration, difficulty with sex life.
Eger and Jahn (2010)Living near mobile phone base stationNeuropsychiatric symptoms, with most showing dose–response relationships: depression; headache; cerebral symptoms; dizziness; disorders of optical and acoustic sensory systems; sleep disturbance; skin changes; with the exception of dizziness, all of these had p < 0.001.
Johnson Liakouris (1998)Study of personnel in U.S. embassy in Moscow exposed to microwave EMFsStatistically significant increases in neurological (peripheral nerves and ganglia), dermographism (skin responses), irritability, depression, loss of appetite, concentration difficulties, peripheral ganglia and nerve dysfunction.
Khan (2008)Excessive mobile phone useComplaints of headache, fatigue, impaired concentration, memory disturbance, sleeplessness, hearing problems.
Kolodynskii and Kolodinska (1996)Children living near a Radio Location Station, LatviaMemory dysfunction, attention dysfunction, lowered motor function, slowed reaction time, lowered neuromuscular endurance.
Lamech (2014)Exposure to wireless smart meter radiation in Victoria, AustraliaThe most frequent symptoms to develop after smart meter radiation exposure were insomnia, headache, tinnitus, fatigue, cognitive disturbances, dysesthesias (abnormal sensation), dizziness.
Navarro et al. (2003)Living near cell phone base stationStatistically significant dose response relationships for fatigue, irritability, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, sleep disorder, depressive tendency, feeling of discomfort, difficulty of concentration, loss of memory, visual disorder & dizziness.
Oberfeld et al. (2004)Living near cell phone base stationStatistically significant dose–response relationships for headache, fatigue, irritability, loss of appetite, visual disorder, nausea, sleeping disorders, dizziness, poor concentration, memory loss.
Oto et al. (1994)Occupational exposure of 25 workers to either UHF television broadcasting (10) or to 1062 kHz medium wave broadcasting (15)10 neuropsychiatric changes were assessed, all showing statistically significant changes compared with controls: Somatization*, obsessive compulsivity*, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety*, hostility*, phobic anxiety*, paranoid ideation, psychoticism*, sleeping disturbance.
*p < 0.001.
Sadcikova (1974)Occupational exposure to microwave radiation, including at <.07 mW/cm2Heaviness in head*, fatigue*, irritability*, sleepiness, memory loss*, cardiac pain*, dermographism (skin sensitivity)*, hyperhidrosis*
* significant increase with time of exposure.
Salama and Abou El Naga (2004)High cell (mobile) phone useMost common effects were headache, ear ache, sense of fatigue, sleep disturbance, concentration difficulty, face burning sensation. The first three of these had very high statistical significance for correlation with extent of cell phone use.
Santini et al. (2003)Living near cell phone base stationsEach of the following neuropsychiatric symptoms showed statistical significant dose–response relationships: nausea, loss of appetite, visual disturbance, irritability, depressive tendencies, lowered libido, headache, sleep disturbance, feeling of discomfort, fatigue.
Schüz et al. (2009)Mobile phone useFound a small, statistically significant increase in migraine and vertigo. Also found an apparent lowered occurrence of Alzheimer's, other dementia, Parkinson's and epilepsy – these latter were interpreted as being due to perhaps early symptoms of the developing diseases lowering probability of acquiring a mobile phone.
Söderqvist et al. (2008)Use of mobile phone among adolescentsIncreased mobile phone use was associated with increases in tiredness, stress, headache, anxiety, concentration difficulties and sleep disturbances.
Thomée et al. (2011)High mobile phone useHigh mobile phone use was associated with statistically significant rises in stress and sleep disturbance, with somewhat weaker association with depression.
Waldmann-Selsam et al. (2009)Digital TV signalingConstant headaches, pressure in head, drowsiness, sleep problems, tightness in chest, shortness of breadth, depressive mood, total apathy, loss of empathy, burning skin, inner burning, leg weakness, pain in limbs, stabbing pain in various organs, weight increase.
There are three recent studies on the generation of headache during or shortly following long mobile phone calls (listed under Chu et al., 2011 in Table 3). The timing of development of these headaches and the finding that they occur on the ipsilateral side of the head, the side receiving much higher EMF exposure during the call, both argue strongly that these headaches are caused by the long mobile phone calls. Such causality was concluded earlier by Frey (1998) based on earlier studies and is now still more strongly documented.

7. Criteria for assessing causality in epidemiological studies

It is important to consider the different criteria that allow one to judge whether a cause and effect relationship is justified by the studies listed in Table 3 and the individual studies cited in Raines (1981). There are five such criteria that should be considered in making that judgment (see pp. 39–43 inHennekens and Buring, 1989):
Strength of Association: Is there a strong correlation between exposure and the neuropsychiatric symptoms? There clearly is for several studies cited in Raines (1981). One example is the Dwyer and Leeper (1978) study (see Table 3) where there is a large increase in symptoms and where that increase is greater with longer occupational exposure. Another example is the Lerner (1980) study of 1300 microwave workers, where workers with relatively low exposure levels had an approximate doubling of neurological complaints and where those with substantially higher exposure levels had an approximate tripling of neurological complaints over controls. Sadcikova (1974) found that 7 of 8 neuropsychiatric symptoms studied, showed a statistically significant rise in prevalence with longer occupational exposure (see Table 3). Sadcikova (1974), also found that microwave workers had increases of 3 to over 10-fold in: feeling of heaviness in the head; tiredness; irritability; sleepiness; partial loss of memory; and skin sensitivity. There is also a strong association where important new exposures occur – this is clearly the case with all of the studies of people living near cell/mobile phone base stations, listed in Table 3 and also with the two studies of people who become exposed to radiation from smart meters. The studies listed in Table 3 under Chu et al. (2011) (see also Chia et al., 2000, Oftedal et al., 2000) are of a special type. Here people making very long (over 1 h) cell/mobile phone calls develop headaches an hour or more following the initiation of the long call. So these occur within a specific time range following initiation of these long calls, such that headache would only occur very infrequently in that time frame by chance. So here again, there is a strong association. While there is no question that many of these studies show high strength of association, it is also clear that it is becoming progressively more difficult to do these studies. As exposures become almost universal in countries around the world, it is getting difficult if not impossible to find good negative controls. There may be a similar problem in doing animal studies, such that it may be necessary to raise animals in Faraday cages in order to avoid exposures that would otherwise occur as a consequence of our near ubiquitous EMFs.
Biological credibility is extremely strong here, with three aspects of the biology predicting that these low intensity fields cause widespread neuropsychiatric effects. This was discussed above and is reconsidered in the following section.
Consistency within the different epidemiological studies and with other types of studies. The epidemiological studies listed in Table 3 and also those showing neuropsychiatric effects that were cited in Raines (1981) have been performed in many different countries with different cultures. They have been performed in multiple countries in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and in East Asia, as well as in the U.S. and Australia. They are, therefore, not limited to one or two cultural contexts. This is deemed, therefore, an important indicator of causality. We also have a surprising consistency of apparent neuropsychiatric effects of different fields, including various occupational exposures and exposures to cell/mobile phone base stations, exposure to the phones themselves, exposure to smart meter pulses, and other EMFs (seeTable 3). Pulsation patterns, frequencies and exact intensities may produce various biological responses (Pall, 2015, Pangopoulos et al., 2013, Belyaev, 2015) so it is a bit surprising that we have as much consistency as we do have across different types of exposures. We also have consistency with the biology discussed in the previous section. Because elevated VGCC activity produced bygenetic polymorphism (Table 1) produces diverse neuropsychiatric effects, it is not surprising that elevation of VGCC activity produced by microwave EMF exposure apparently also produces diverse neuropsychiatric effects. Similarly because non-thermal EMF exposures produce widespread changes in brain structure and function in animals (Tolgskaya and Gordon, 1973), it is not surprising that the neuropsychiatric symptoms, which are produced as a consequence of brain dysfunction are produced by such EMFs.
Time sequence: It is clear that the all of these effects follow exposure in the various studies that have been published. In some studies, it is also clear that longer occupational exposure times produce increased symptom prevalence. These include Dwyer and Leeper (1978) and Baranski and Edelwejn (1975). These observations all support a causal relationship between exposure to EMF and the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Dose–response relationship: It is assumed, here, that biological effects have a positive correlation with the intensity of the apparent causal stressor. This is not necessarily true of EMF effects, because it has been shown that there are “window effects” where specific intensities have larger biological effects, thando either lower or higher intensities (Pall, 2015, Pangopoulos et al., 2013, Belyaev, 2015). Nevertheless, where different intensities were studied in these epidemiological studies, they do show the dose–response relationship assumed here including Altpeter et al. (2000), Dwyer and Leeper (1978), Eger and Jahn (2010), Lerner (1980), Navarro et al. (2003), Oberfeld et al. (2004), Salama and Abou El Naga (2004), Santini et al. (2003) and Thomée et al. (2011). Thus these data do fit well to the assumed dose–response relationship, found in most causal roles. The Altpeter et al. (2000) study showed a special type of evidence for causality: during a 3-day period when the broadcasting tower was turned off, the melatonin levels recovered to near-normal levels. The studies of headache occurrence on prolonged cell/mobile phone calls (typically well over one hour) listed under Chu et al. (2011) in Table 3 also suggest the assumed dose–response relationship (see also Chia et al., 2000, Oftedal et al., 2000 and earlier citations listed in Frey, 1998). Because such headaches only occur with prolonged cell/mobile phone calls, these studies also provide evidence for a dose–response relationship because low doses are ineffective. Furthermore these same studies provide evidence for such a dose–response relationship from another type of observation. Because the headaches occur predominantly on the ipsilateral side of the head which receives much higher EMF exposure intensity, rather than on the contralateral side of the head, which receives much lower intensities, this provides an additional type of evidence for the predicted dose–response relationship.
While the evidence is convincing that the various neuropsychiatric apparent consequences of microwave EMF exposure are in fact caused by such exposures, there may be somewhat more controversy about another EMF-neuropsychiatric linkage. Havas et al. (2010) have reported a similar list of neuropsychiatric symptoms in electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) patients. They found that each of the following symptoms were common in EHS: poorshort term memory; difficulty of concentration; eye problems; sleep disorder; feeling unwell; headache; dizziness; tinnitus; chronic fatigue; tremors; body pain; difficulty speaking; tingling sensation in feet or hands; difficulty writing; difficulty walking; migraine. The similarity of these symptoms to the most commonly found symptoms following non-thermal microwave EMF exposures (Table 3), suggests that EHS is a genuine sensitivity to EMFs. In the bottom row in Table 2, sensitivities were found in rodent studies following non-thermal exposure that suggest a possible animal model for the study of EHS. Each of these EHS-related issues needs to be followed up experimentally.

8. Discussion and conclusions

In the previous section, each of the five criteria for assessing whether an epidemiological association is causal, were considered. Those five are (Hennekens and Buring, 1989): (1) strength of association; (2) biological credibility; (3) consistency; (4) time sequence; (5) dose–response relationship. Each of these five provide strong support for causality such that the combination of all five provides compelling evidence for causality. Low-intensity microwave frequency EMFs do cause diverse neuropsychiatric symptoms. While each of these five is important here, the one that is most important is the criterion of biological credibility.
Three related sets of biological observations each predict that low-intensity microwave EMFs produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects:
1.
Such EMFs act via activation of VGCCs, acting through the VGCC voltage sensor which is predicted to be exquisitely sensitive to these EMFs (Pall, 2015). VGCCs occur in high densities throughout the nervous system and have essential roles throughout the nervous system in releasing neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. These properties predict, therefore, that these low intensity non-thermal microwave EMFs cause widespread changes in the nervous system, causing, in turn, diverse neuropsychiatric effects.
2.
Elevated VGCC activity, produced by an allele of the CACNA1C gene which encodes the channel of the main L-type VGCC in the brain, produces various neuropsychiatric effects (Table 1). This predicts, that low intensity non-thermal microwave frequency EMFs which also produce elevated L-type and other VGCC activity, therefore produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects.
3.
Studies reviewed in the Tolgskaya and Gordon, 1973 publication (Table 2) have shown that the cells of the mammalian nervous system show high sensitivity to various non-thermal microwave and lower frequency EMFs, being apparently more sensitive than any other organ in the body of rodents. These studies predict that the human nervous system is likely to be similarly sensitive to these EMFs, predicting, therefore, widespread neuropsychiatric effects in humans.

We not only have biological credibility but also more importantly, each of these distinct but interrelated biological considerations predicts that low-intensity, non-thermal microwave EMFs produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects. That common prediction is verified by extensive data summarized in citations provided by the Naval Medical Research Institute Research Report (June 1971), data provided by The Raines (1981) NASA report, and by 26 epidemiological studies summarized in Table 3.
The most commonly reported neuropsychiatric symptoms from these studies are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4. Commonly reported neuropsychiatric symptoms following microwave EMF exposure.
Symptom(s)Numbers of studies reporting
Sleep disturbance/insomnia17
Headache14
Fatigue/tiredness11
Depression/depressive symptoms10
Dysesthesia (vision/hearing/olfactory dysfunction)10
Concentration/attention/cognitive dysfunction10
Dizziness/vertigo9
Memory changes8
Restlessness/tension/anxiety/stress/agitation/feeling of discomfort8
Irritability7
Loss of appetite/body weight6
Skin tingling/burning/inflammation/dermographism6
Nausea5
A total of 22 different studies described in Table 3 were used for data for this table, but not 4 others that only assessed a single neuropsychiatric end point. The Altpeter study which only assessed sleep disturbance/melatonin depletion and the three studies listed under Chu et al. which only assessed headache occurrence following long cell phone calls, listed in Table 3 were not included. Because many of the studies only assessed from 3 to 7 specific symptoms, it is not surprising that the numbers of studies reporting a specific symptom fall far below 22. Where several symptom descriptions were included under one heading, such as dysesthesia, if a study had more than one of these symptom descriptions, it was only counted once.
All the symptoms listed in Table 4 should be considered established parts of microwave syndrome (Hocking, 2001, Johnson Liakouris, 1998). Even if the statistical significance in each study was of the lowest statistical significance (p < .05) one would expect only 1 positive study to occur at random out of the 22 studies included here. Because many individual symptoms were not surveyed in many individual studies, the expectation is substantially lower than that. Each of these, having shown positive results in 5 or more studies are highly unlikely, therefore, to have occurred by chance. Stong statistical significance is also seen for individual neuropsychiatric effects reported to havep < 0.001 in the Eger and Jahn (2010) and Oto et al. (1994) studies (see Table 3).
EEG changes may well be part of microwave syndrome, as well. While none of the studies described in Table 3 measured EEGs, six studies of human occupational exposure cited in the Raines (1981) showed EEG changes (Baranski and Edelwejn, 1975, Bise, 1978, Dumanskij and Shandala, 1974, Lerner, 1980,Sheppard and Eisenbud, 1977). Murbach et al. (2014) cited 10 human studies in support of their statement that “the most consistently reported effects (of mobile phone use) in various studies conducted by different laboratories are changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum.” Three recent studies (Lustenberger et al., 2013, Schmid et al., 2012a, Schmid et al., 2012b) and several earlier studies cited in Wagner et al. (1998) have each shown EEG changes in sleeping humans exposed to non-thermal pulsed microwave fields. Two recent studies showed EEG changes in persons exposed to Wi-Fi fields (Maganioti et al., 2010, Papageorgiou et al., 2011). Lai (1997) described 8 animal studies showing changes in EEG patterns in animals exposed to non-thermal EMFs and three additional animal studies were described in Tolgskaya and Gordon (1973). With the exception of the 6 studies cited in the second sentence in this paragraph, all of these are direct experimental studies which are not, therefore, susceptible to the questions of causality that can be raised about epidemiological studies. It is the author's view that future studies should consider studying EEG changes as an objectively measurable assessment of brain physiology and that before and after increased exposure studies should be considered when a new EMF source is to be introduced into human populations. While such studies must be done carefully, given the complexity of EEGs, even very small numbers of individuals may produce highly statistically significant results in well designed studies analyzed with paired t-tests.
One of the citations from the previous paragraph, Bise (1978) reviewed earlier studies of low level microwave frequency exposures in humans and concluded that such EMFs produced the following neuropsychiatric effects: headache, fatigue, irritability, dizziness, loss of appetite, sleepiness, sweating, difficulty of concentration, memory loss, depression, emotional instability, dermographism, tremor, hallucinations and insomnia. The strong similarity of this list from 37 years ago and the list in Table 4 should be noted. The Bise (1978) list is based on occupational exposure studies whereas the current list in Table 4 is based primarily on EMF exposures from cell/mobile phone base stations, from heavy cell phone usage and from smart meters, three types of exposures that did not exist in 1978. The strong similarity between the Bise (1978) list and the current one 37 years later alone produces a compelling argument that the 11 neuropsychiatric effects found on both lists are caused by exposure to multiple types of low-intensity microwave EMFs.
The pattern of evidence is compelling in support of the earlier statement ofLevitt and Lai (2010) that “the primary questions now involve specific exposure parameters, not the reality of complaints or attempts to attribute such complaints to psychosomatic causes, malingering or beliefs in paranormal phenomena.”
We can barely imagine how the combinations of neuropsychiatric effects, including those in Table 4, will influence human behavior and social interactions, now that the majority of the human populations on earth are exposed to ever increasing intensities and diversity of microwave frequency EMFs. You may recall that three of the occupational exposure studies cited in (Raines, 1981 showed increasing prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms with years of exposure to consistent patterns of EMF exposure intensities (Dwyer and Leeper, 1978, Sadcikova, 1974, Baranski and Edelwejn, 1975). With ever increasing exposures in human populations, we have no idea what the consequences of these ever increasing exposures will be.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References


https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891061815000599
© 2015 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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  24. https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2019/04/5g-networks-will-use-same-frequencies.html
  25. https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2019/02/the-us-breast-cancer-epidemic-2019.html
  26. https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2019/02/tampereelle-avattiin-maailman.html
  27. https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2019/02/stop-5g-network-on-earth-and-in-space.html
  28. https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2019/02/rf-safe-public-awareness-sar-levels.html

EOF

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