lauantai 20. kesäkuuta 2026

How a barrister become a millionare

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250,000 girls became "victims" of the British Prime Minister

  • The migration conflict in Europe is escalating into an institutional crisis | 19.06.2026
  • Musk Supports Nuremberg-Style Trials After UK Rape-Gang inquiry release | Jun 18, 2026
  • Why Aren’t Keir Starmer, British Social Workers and British Police _anging from Lamp Posts? | Paul Craig Roberts • June 18, 2026
  • 250,000 girls became "victims" of the British Prime Minister | 18.06.2026
  • Britain’s _ape gangs: Here’s what’s in the report the mainstream media is ignoring | 17 Jun, 2026 (Behind the Zio-EU´s Digital Iron Curtain)
  • Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s finances are attracting renewed attention | Updated May 2026
  • THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL CORRECTNESS: HOW GANGS OF VIOLENT MIGRANTS IN THE UK HAVE BECOME A TOOL OF POLITICAL STRUGGLE | 17.06.2026
  • Rupert Lowe’s independent _ape Gang Inquiry Report has been released | June 17, 2026 
  • Bombshell UK Report Exposes Sinister Sexual Abuse and Torture of 250,000 Girls by Mostly _uslim Men | June 17, 2026
  • The _ape Gang Inquiry Report_Download
  • Why does the new EU Migration Pact not solve the main problems | 12.06.2026
  • Starmer’s UK bans Israel critics — because the Labour government is actually a Zionist front | 07.06.2026
  • The Biggest Peacetime Crime and Cover-up in British History | 2025-01-05
  • Who exactly is Sir Keir Starmer? | July 13, 2024 
  • Slovakia Will Not Implement New EU Migration Rules, Says PM | April 16, 2024 
  • Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal - Wikipedia
  • The Rape Gang Inquiry Report. Rupert Lowe MP, @RupertLowe10 | Jun 16, 2026 

T=1781950863 / Human Date UTC: Saturday, 20 June 2026 at 10:21:03

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Britain’s _ape gangs: Here’s what’s in the report the mainstream media is ignoring

Rupert Lowe’s investigation implicates Keir Starmer’s government in the mass victimization of white girls by _akistani men

Published 17 Jun, 2026 18:16 | Updated 17 Jun, 2026 19:20


At least 250,000 British girls suffered sickening sexual abuse by Pakistani gangs, who were enabled by police, social workers, and even Prime Minister Keir Starmer, to commit “child rape on an industrial scale,” British MP Rupert Lowe’s ‘Rape Gang Report’ has detailed. 

Published on Tuesday, the 218-page report makes for sobering reading. It details the decades-long abuse of hundreds of thousands of white British girls – and smaller numbers of white boys and Sikh girls – by organized Pakistani ‘grooming gangs’ in 149 districts of the UK.



(403 - Forbidden: Read more
‘Rocking the multicultural boat’: These Brits spoke the truth about grooming gangs despite threats and attempts to smear them.)


Grooming Gang Whistleblower Claims Police Said She Was ‘Being Racist’ and ‘Rocking the Multicultural Boat | Breitbart, 23 Mar 2022
A child sexual abuse whistleblower has claimed that she faced repeated efforts from the police to discourage her from reporting grooming gang activity in Rotherham

Witness testimony describes the most depraved acts of sexual violence – including preteen girls raped hundreds of times, threatened with death, and sodomized by dogs – happening in plain sight of the authorities tasked with its prevention.

Put together in just over a year, the report cost £600,000 ($803,000), drew on interviews with hundreds of victims and thousands of Freedom of Information requests, and yet has received zero mainstream coverage. Amid the UK media blackout, here’s what you need to know:

How is the rape gangs report different?

The British government has held several probes into child sexual abuse by so-called ‘grooming gangs’ in northern England before, most notably the Jay Inquiry and Telford Inquiry. However, both of these investigations were narrowly-focused on specific locations, and did not conclude that the gangs were a nationwide phenomenon.

Unlike the Telford and Jay reports, Lowe’s report was not funded by taxpayer money, and focused on the entire UK, rather than just northern England.

The investigation was crowdfunded, and the report draws on previous studies, court records, and interviews with survivors to conclude that predominantly Pakistani rape gangs operated in 149 local authority districts in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland – almost half of the UK’s 317 municipalities.

How many girls were abused?

Previous reports suggested that around 250,000 women and girls had been raped by grooming gangs since the year 2000, based on extrapolated data from towns like Rotherham and Telford. Lowe’s report describes this number as “a bare minimum,” pointing out the problem of under-reporting encountered by other studies, and the fact that “sexual abuse of all kinds tends to be under-reported.”

Given that Britain’s first instance of gang-rape by Pakistani men was reported in 1955, “victims must number in the hundreds of thousands,” the report states. 

What kind of abuse did the gangs commit against girls?

Witness testimony makes up the bulk of the report. With a few exceptions, including a boy who was raped by a gang of white British men, the cases followed a similar pattern: a working class white girl suffering trauma or abuse at home is groomed by older Muslim men, who provide her with alcohol, drugs, and gifts. Once her trust is gained, the girl is repeatedly raped and physically abused, often by hundreds of men. 

Lowe read some of the most harrowing testimony aloud in a parliamentary session earlier this month, and the report goes into further, explicit detail.


Please watch, listen and understand!



https://x.com/RupertLowe10/status/2067124413200310347



Girls as young as 11 were targeted by men in their 40s and 50s, some of whom invited their relatives to join in the gang rape. The following testimony is drawn straight from the report:

  • “Michelle claims she was raped by between six and seven hundred different men over the course of three years”

  • “She was… raped by a dog as the men placed bets on whether it would penetrate her vagina or her anus”

  • “She was subjected to penetration with objects. She was urinated on. Her legs were held open. She was bitten on the back, cut on the leg and strangled”

  • “I was intimidated with guns, and threatened with body parts being cut off with knives”

  • “I was beaten, black and blue, raped. Not only sexually raped with their body parts themselves, but with objects as well. I was taken to A&E [Accident and Emergency] because my vagina was split open from a glass bottle.”

Multiple victims described being transported across the UK from one group of abusers to another, with some spending months on end being passed around between rapists.

“It was all of the white girls in every home that I went to. And I mean, I’ve seen girls locked... I remember a man opening the back of a van and I saw maybe 15, 20 girls locked in dog cages. Looked like they’re on drugs.”

Were all the perpetrators Pakistani?

Multiple victims claimed that almost all of their rapists were Muslims of Pakistani descent, with one saying that “98% of them were Pakistani Muslim. If not, they were Iraqi Muslim or Kurdish.”


In cases that resulted in prosecution, “approximately 87% of those convicted bore distinctively Muslim names,” the report states, citing earlier research. Additional research by Dr. Taj Hargey, an imam at the Oxford Islamic Congregation, estimated that 95% of suspects in grooming gang cases “are of Muslim faith.”

Lowe explicitly links rape with immigration, pointing out that 8,593 rape cases were reported in the year 2000, a number that rose to over 70,000 “when the era of large-scale mass immigration into the country commenced under [former Prime Minister Tony] Blair.”

Were the British police involved?

The 2022 Jay Report criticized police and local authorities for failing to intervene for “fear of being thought racist.” Some of the testimony in Lowe’s report goes further, accusing healthcare staff at care homes of pimping girls out to abusers and allowing Pakistani men to sign girls out of facilities at will, and social welfare workers of returning children to live with gangs of rapists in government-provided housing.

Girls who arrived at police stations after being raped were often treated as child prostitutes who had consented to sex with their adult abusers. One girl was raped by a police sergeant, while another was ordered to drop her case by a Muslim officer who was later convicted of child sex abuse. 


Parents who attempted to intervene were stonewalled. One mother who told police that her daughter had been abused by “Asian men” was supposedly told “You can’t describe them as Asian men because that’s racist. You should just be glad your child is being taught a different culture” 
(In the UK, ‘Asian’ typically refers to people of South Asian descent, such as those of Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, or Sri Lankan heritage). 

Was Keir Starmer involved?


(403 - Forbidden: Read more.)




(403 Forbidden:
Musk vows to fund lawsuits against UK officials over grooming gangs 
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WAYBACK:
https://web.archive.org/web/20260620093123/https://rtrunews.com/news/623580-musk-uk-grooming-gangs/


The Jay Report accused local authorities in Rotherham of covering up the widespread sexual abuse of young girls, and successive governments have been accused of ignoring the issue and slow-walking official inquiries into the scale of the abuse. In 2025, Labour MPs voted en masse against a Conservative motion calling for a national statutory inquiry into the gangs. Starmer’s party eventually backed down and opened a probe earlier this year.

Lowe’s report describes this probe as “a containment exercise,” focusing on only a few narrow areas and omitting any analysis of the demographic and religious factors behind the abuse. Starmer’s Labour Party, the report claims, was directly involved in covering up the scandal.

At least four Labour councillors and MPs have been convicted of child abuse, while others “either failed to crack down on rape gangs or obstructed efforts to do so.” Among them were:

  • Labour councillor Shaun Wright, who remained in charge of children’s services in Rotherham despite knowing about the activities of rape gangs in the city

  • London Mayor Sadiq Khan, of Pakistani descent, who denied the existence of grooming gangs in the British capital, despite having evidence proving otherwise

  • Prime Minister Keir Starmer, who as director of public prosecutions between 2008 and 2013, let 13,000 pedophiles off with warning letters instead of prosecuting them

What role did Islam play in the abuse?

Lowe’s report claims that the abuse was fueled by the “clannish” culture of British Pakistanis, which ensured that families and relatives stayed silent and protected rapists within their communities. This element of Pakistani society was noted in previous investigations too, with the Telford Report concluding that the “lack of engagement from the Asian community” made establishing the true extent of the abuse impossible.

The document also blames the “racially supremacist attitudes” and “us-and-them mindset” of Muslims, stating that the Quran instructs believers to treat “non-Muslims with contempt,” permits sex slavery of non-Muslims, and discourages Muslims from speaking up, lest they “damage the image of the Muslim community or bring discredit to Islam.”


Victim testimony suggests that many abusers attempted to provide Quranic justification for their crimes. Some were called “white slags,” “white trash,” or “kuffar bitches” who deserved punishment, and one was told that “her God had abandoned her.”

“I was told that Muslim girls are good and pure, and stay virgins until marriage, but all white girls are slags, and they all sleep with hundreds of people,” one victim recalled. “They are lower than shit under your shoe. They don’t obey Allah, so they deserve to be punished.”

What happens next?

The report recommends “mandatory annual training on group-based child sexual exploitation” for all emergency and social workers, and the prosecution of those who enabled the abuse. Every foreign national convicted of child sexual abuse should “at the very least be deported,” the report states, although Lowe has promised that if his Restore Britain party ever takes power, he would “with the British people’s approval, put them to death.”

However, Lowe is Restore Britain’s only MP, and the party is still a fringe movement. Nigel Farage’s Reform UK dominates the right-wing vote in the UK, and is currently polling at 26%, with Restore Britain languishing at 3%. 

https://x.com/RupertLowe10/status/2067118476745973913


Lowe’s report has not been acknowledged by Labour, the Conservatives, or Reform, and its publication has been met with a near-total media blackout. However, Lowe’s reach on social media – particularly on X, where he is regularly retweeted by Elon Musk – is growing rapidly. According to the Financial Times, Lowe’s posts on the platform regularly garner ten times the engagement of Farage’s, despite him having half as many followers as the Reform UK leader.

Lowe has vowed to turn this attention into action. On Wednesday, he announced that he intends to “name perpetrators and their enablers” in parliament, with the aim of “put[ting] people in prison.” Lowe said that he is also providing law enforcement authorities with evidence needed to reopen old cases, and encouraging victims to file civil lawsuits against their abusers.

The bottom line

An anti-grooming gangs protest in London, England, June 28, 2025 ©  Getty Images


The report points to a wholesale failure in the British government’s duty of care to its children, and thoroughly delegitimizes the institutions of the British state, as well as its leaders.

Previous reports have been swept under the rug by Labour and Tory governments alike, and with the country’s mainstream parties ignoring Lowe’s hearings, there is little to suggest that the reaction to this report will be any different. However, while the government and mainstream media can ignore the report, or write Lowe off as a racist crank, the rape gangs scandal has permanently tarred the British public’s faith in the state.

Just 43% of the public trust the Labour government’s official inquiry into the scandal, with 42% trusting the justice system, 29% trusting social services, and 22% trusting Starmer to handle the issue, according to a 2025 YouGov poll. 


SOURCE: 403 - FORBIDDEN
https://swentr.site/news/641730-uk-rape-gangs-report-lowe/

ALT: 
https://web.archive.org/web/20260620015001/https://swentr.site/news/641883-uk-starmer-pressure-resign/


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Elon Musk calls for Nuremberg-style trials after UK rape gang inquiry release: Up to 250,000 young British girls raped, imam said 95% of suspects were Muslim men

"Those migrants have colonised large parts of our country, and live their lives how they choose to do so because our authorities are too frightened of being called racist to challenge them."


By Remix News Staff 3 days ago Last updated: June 17, 2026 11:00

After Restore Britain leader Rupert Lowe released the Rape Gang Inquiry Report, which documented the systemic rape and often torture of up to 250,000 young British girls at the hands of predominately Muslim rape gangs, SpaceX and Tesla founder Elon Musk agreed with calls for Nuremberg-style trials for the perpetrators and those who enabled the heinous attacks.


One post calling for Nuremberg Trials in connection to the rape gang inquiry and executions for those who were responsible, also received a one-word response from Musk, who stated: “Yes.”


An excerpt from the report reads: “The incidents of criminal activities listed in this report are drawn from court records, official and unofficial inquiries across the country, and witness testimony provided to the Inquiry. They confirm that this was never a series of isolated local failures. It was a coordinated, nationwide pattern of organised child sexual exploitation that repeated in town after town, city after city, from the far north to the south coast. The same ethnic and religious profile of the perpetrators was documented throughout almost all of the witnesses who contacted the Inquiry.”

The report further states that “the scale of the rape gang phenomenon is endemic across the entirety of Britain.”

The report cites the figure of 250,000 raped across Britain, which comes from a statement in the House of Lords by Lord Pearson of Rannoch on May 14, 2019: “Do the Government accept that if we extrapolate nationally the Jay report on Rotherham and other reports from Telford and Oxford, there appear to have been upwards of 250,000 young white girls raped in this century, very largely by Muslim men, usually several times a day for years?”

He added that this number “is probably an underestimate.”⁷

The report found that this number can now be supported through the data collected in the report, which scaled the data from the most thoroughly and well-documented inquiries.

The report cites:

“Rotherham (Jay Report, 2014): At least 1,400 girls abused between 1997 and 2013, with some updated estimates exceeding this. Perpetrators were overwhelmingly Pakistani Muslim men.”

“Telford Inquiry (2022): More than 1,000 children (predominantly girls) over decades, again with the same perpetrator profile.”

 

List of heinous crimes


The report makes for difficult reading. It found that the victims were typically between eight to 12 years old.


Children were forced to have sex with dogs and beaten with bats, which were then inserted into them anally and vaginally.


In one case, a little girl’s tongue was nailed to the wall so she could not move while she was being raped by multiple men.


It was also found that police were warning rapists that they were being reported in order to threaten the victims into stopping their reports. In other instances, police participated in the gang rapes themselves.




One girl was raped by between 30 to 80 men, most of whom were never charged by British authorities.

In another case, a little girl was told: “If you don’t come back, I’m going to rape your little sister instead.”

When one mother tried to call for help, a British police officer told her: “You should be happy your daughter is experiencing a different culture.” He then hung up on her.

Another girl was blinded by acid while trying to escape one of the rape gangs.

Widespread torture and rape across the country


The report also noted the widespread nature of the mass gang rapes, both geographically and temporally:


“Grooming gangs operate in 149 Local Authority Districts with victims numbering in the hundreds of thousands,” according to the report. “The grooming gang model has been confirmed in dozens of towns and cities. Our independent Inquiry, led by Rupert Lowe MP, has heard evidence demonstrating coordinated operations extending to all corners of the country, in at least 149 local authority districts.”


The report notes that, “When the Rotherham/’Telford scale is applied across the documented national distribution, and multiplied by the extreme under-reporting factor accepted by official reviews, the total reaches the 250,000 threshold as a bare minimum.”

However, much of the abuse remains in the shadows and more investigation is required, not only to document this historical injustice, but to potentially hold those accountable for what occurred.

“We are far from grasping the full extent of grooming gang criminality in modern Britain. It is reasonable to assume that, since sexual abuse of all kinds tends to be under-reported, this is also true of grooming gangs. The Independent has reported that almost 19,000 children were identified as sexual exploitation victims in England in one year alone, despite the reluctance of state actors to name or tackle the problem of the rape gangs. After decades of abuse, victims must number in the hundreds of thousands. The full scale is not yet known.”

 

The report acknowledges that it may be impossible to ever ascertain how many victims there truly were, as much of the information was not documented or remains suppressed.

Every major review has emphasised that recorded statistics severely understate reality:

• Baroness Casey National Audit on Group-Based Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (June 2025): The audit explicitly states that the scale, nature, and characteristics of group-based child sexual exploitation remain impossible to quantify precisely due to inconsistent data collection and historical suppression.

• Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) and multiple local inquiries (2022-2025): “It is simply not possible to know the scale” because ethnicity, group offending, and historical cases were routinely unrecorded or shelved to protect “community cohesion.”

 

Government actors presided over a cover-up


The report further notes that key players in the government were instrumental in keeping the mass rape from being investigated and revealed to the public.

The report notes:

“Roger Stone (Labour council leader, Rotherham 2003-2014): Presided over local government during the cover-up documented in the Jay Report.
• Multiple Rotherham Labour councillors interfered in police investigations, tipped off perpetrators, or dismissed victims as “making lifestyle choices” to protect “community relations” and votes.
• While Sir Keir Starmer was the Director of Public Prosecutions, it has been reported that 13,000 suspected rape gang members and paedophiles were let off with warning letters.


As stated earlier, the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan repeatedly insisted there were no grooming gangs operating in the city. He described evidence from whistleblowers as politically motivated. He told the London Assembly that child sexual exploitation in the capital is a “far more complex” matter and does not fit the grooming-style patterns on display across deprived northern towns. These statements he made despite the fact that the Metropolitan Police had in its possession reports of young girls being plied with alcohol and drugs then raped by groups of men in hotels and other locations across London. A Daily Express investigation revealed that Khan had direct access to HM Inspectorate of Constabulary documents detailing the very patterns of offending he had denied. Khan read these files yet continued to deny the existence of grooming gangs in public.


Overall, the Labour Party did not just fail to prosecute the gangs. In some cases, its own members were the abusers and in most cases its councillors, leaders, and ministers put loyalty to Pakistani Muslim blocs before child safety. No other political party has such a well-documented track record of direct involvement with and institutional protection of industrial-scale child rape. This was in large part due to Labour’s own electoral self-interest.”

 

Police dismiss victims as racists


In regards to the police, a huge portion of the UK police force was active in the cover-up.

Only the police took any formal action, issuing ‘harbouring notices’ to the men – official warnings stating they had no permission to associate with, contact, or house a vulnerable child. However, no further action followed. When Fiona’s mother called the police to report her daughter missing and mentioned a history of abuse by Asian men, the call handler told her:

“You can’t describe them as Asian men because that’s racist. You should just be glad your child is being taught a different culture.”

On one occasion, a police officer returned Fiona to the house where the abuse was occurring and told the men to “have fun with her.
On another occasion, police instructed the abusers that if they could persuade Fiona to sign herself out of care, the police would stop bothering them.

 

A migrant-fueled rape crisis


The report notes that these grooming gangs primarily consisted of Africans, Indians, Gypsies, Asians, and Muslims:

Researcher Peter McLoughlin in Easy Meat (2016) compiled a comprehensive list of grooming gang convictions from 1997 to 2018 (with updates in subsequent analyses), drawing from published court outcomes. His examination of names indicated that approximately 87% of those convicted bore distinctively Muslim names, which was a figure echoed in related analyses far exceeding the Muslim proportion (around 6%) of the general population of Britain.


The majority of these convicted groups consisted entirely of men from Muslim backgrounds. These groups are predominantly of Pakistani heritage, especially when the group exceeds ten or more members. The larger group size dynamic of Pakistani perpetrators is on display in major prosecutions and official reviews from locations such as Rochdale, Rotherham, Huddersfield, Oxford, Telford, and others.

Other convictions have involved groups primarily composed of Muslims from non-Pakistani origins, demonstrating that the issue is not necessarily confined to one ethnic group:

• Two Somali-origin gangs in Bristol
• A mainly African-heritage gang in Banbury
• Three Iranians in Chelmsford
• Three Syrians and one Kuwaiti in Newcastle
• Two Turkish men in Somerset
• A Romanian rape gang in Rotherham


The large Newcastle “‘Operation Sanctuary” case, involving 17 men and one woman from diverse Muslim backgrounds: Albanian, Kurdish, Bangladeshi, Indian, Turkish, Iranian, Iraqi, Pakistani, and Eastern European heritage. Nearly all published names were Islamic.

 

An additional expert commentary included statement from Dr. Taj Hargey, an imam at the Oxford Islamic Congregation. He noted that virtually every individual in these grooming gangs appeared to be Muslim, estimating that 95 percent of those involved are of Muslim faith.

Beyond Europe?


The grooming gangs are also operating in other countries, including France on a massive scale, but also such cases are arising in Germany. Remarkably, Musk’s calls for a Nuremberg-style trial just so happen to coincide with reports that in the city of Nuremberg itself, there are grooming gangs operating targeting underage German girls.

In a distressing scene that echoes the findings of the U.K. Rape Gang Inquiry Report, German leftists laughed in parliament when Alternative for Germany (AfD) leader Alice Weidel described young German victims being systematically raped by foreign men in Nuremberg just earlier this month. The same mentality that allowed for the rapes of tens of thousands of British girls is also present across Europe and it is embedded in the heart of European institutions.

For his part, Lowe says the issue is and continues to be mass immigration.

“Essentially what has happened is that the decaying political establishment has imported millions of migrants from alien cultures that are entirely incompatible with the British way of life,” stated Lowe on X.”

“Those migrants have colonised large parts of our country, and live their lives how they choose to do so because our authorities are too frightened of being called racist to challenge them. That has meant attitudes have flourished and spread which, in short, treat women and non-Muslims like shit. And yes, I do mean that.”

He said that the entire political class was to blame, including “Conservative, Labour and Reform politicians [who] are all directly responsible for this vast importation.

Personally, I will never forgive anyone responsible. Vulnerable working class white girls were treated like a piece of meat. Raped, abused, tortured, murdered. It was a racial attack, and it was a coordinated attack.

All across Britain. They targeted these girls because they were vulnerable, they were young, they were white. Until the political class accepts that fact, nothing will EVER change.”


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eof


keskiviikko 17. kesäkuuta 2026

Hague tribunal rejects Ukraine’s Crimea claims - Listen: Legendary Sevastopol

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A convincing victory for Russia, with numerous demands from Ukraine, which accused Russia of violating dozens of articles of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, being rejected.

  • Kiev's efforts to challenge Russia's sovereignty over Crimea and adjacent waters have failed.
  • The arbitration in The Hague denied Kiev any "compensations" and "reparations" from Russia for the use of natural resources in the waters of Crimea.
  • Ukraine's attempt, supported by Western countries, to declare the Kerch Strait "international", with the right of passage for ships of any states, including military ships, also failed.
  • The arbitration in The Hague rejected Ukraine's absurd and cynical demand to dismantle the Crimean Bridge.
  • All accusations from Ukraine about alleged damage to the environment by Russia in the waters of Crimea were also rejected.


"This arbitration decision is a significant defeat for Ukraine and the West in the 'legal war' they have waged against Russia," diplomatic observers concluded | Hal Turner, June 16, 2026


T=1781696009 / Human Date UTC:  Wednesday, 17 June 2026 at 11:33:29


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Hague tribunal rejects Ukraine’s Crimea claims

The ruling marks a “convincing victory” in a decade-long maritime dispute, the Russian Foreign Ministry has said

Published 16 Jun, 2026 00:23


The Crimean Bridge, Russia. © Sputnik / Dmitry Makeyev


A Hague-based arbitration tribunal has rejected Ukrainian maritime claims against Russia, including attempts to challenge Moscow’s sovereignty over Crimea and surrounding waters.

Ukraine launched the case in 2016 before the Permanent Court of Arbitration under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Kiev argued that Crimea remained Ukrainian territory and claimed that the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait should be treated as international waters subject to UNCLOS rules.

Crimea joined Russia following a 2014 referendum held after the Western-backed Maidan coup in Kiev.

In a statement on Monday, the Russian Foreign Ministry described the tribunal’s final ruling, adopted unanimously by a panel of five arbitrators, as a “convincing victory” for Moscow. It said the tribunal rejected Ukraine’s demands for compensation and reparations related to natural resources around Crimea.

According to the ministry, the tribunal also dismissed Kiev’s attempt to classify the Kerch Strait as an international waterway open to vessels of all states, including warships. Moscow said the ruling formally recognized the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov as Russia’s historic domestic waters. 


The tribunal likewise rejected claims that Russia violated international law by asserting sovereignty over the Sea of Azov following the accession of the Donbass republics and the regions of Kherson and Zaporozhye.

The largely Russian-speaking Donetsk and Lugansk republics, along with Kherson and Zaporozhye, joined Russia after referendums held in autumn 2022 amid the escalating Ukraine conflict.

The ruling also dismissed Ukraine’s demand that the Crimean Bridge be dismantled. Kiev had argued that the crossing, built between 2016 and 2018 to link Crimea with mainland Russia, was illegal and hindered navigation through the Kerch Strait. Moscow called the claim “absurd,” while the tribunal found Ukraine’s arguments unsubstantiated, according to the ministry.

The bridge has repeatedly been targeted by Kiev using naval drones, explosives and Western-supplied long-range missiles, causing damage and civilian casualties.

The ruling represents a significant “defeat” for Ukraine and its Western backers in the decade-long “legal war” against Russia, according to the ministry.


SOURCE:
https://web.archive.org/web/20260617094936/https://rtrunews.com/news/641637-russia-ukraine-maritime-dispute/


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Vladimir Dzhabarov: Ukraine has lost any opportunity to take Crimea for itself

Vladimir Dzhabarov: Ukraine has lost any opportunity to take Crimea for itself

Ukraine has lost any opportunity to take Crimea for itself

Kiev lost all chances to take Crimea for itself, having lost an international court case that lasted 10 years.

Ukraine also no longer has anything to do with the Sea of Azov, which used to be both Russian and Ukrainian.

The Kiev authorities lost the waters of the Azov and Black Seas precisely because they treated the people of Crimea as strangers. Under them, there was no development of the region and facilities on the peninsula.

The West hoped sooner or later to give Crimea to Ukraine in order to turn it into an unsinkable aircraft carrier. Because whoever owns the peninsula controls the situation in the Black Sea — the British, the French know this very well.

I would like to congratulate our lawyers and the lawyers who worked in court.

Senator Jabarov — subscribe to MAKS


SOURCE: https://news-pravda.com/world/2026/06/17/2381319.html


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 17:30

Press release on Russia winning international arbitration on the rights of a coastal state in the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and the Kerch Strait

965-15-06-2026


Today, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in The Hague issued its final ruling in the 10-year arbitral proceedings between the Russian Federation and Ukraine concerning the rights of a coastal state in the Kerch Strait, the Sea of Azov, and the waters of the Black Sea surrounding Crimea. The dispute was heard by an international arbitral tribunal in accordance with the procedure set out in Annex VII to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Composed of five independent arbitrators from Algeria, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Russia, and the Republic of Korea, the arbitral tribunal passed down a unanimous ruling. The case, which carries major geopolitical, legal, and historical significance, ended in a decisive victory for the Russian Federation.

Numerous claims by Ukraine which accused Russia of violating dozens of provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea have been rejected.

Kiev’s efforts to challenge the Russian Federation’s sovereignty over the Crimean Peninsula and the adjacent maritime areas have failed. The tribunal dismissed Ukraine’s claims for the return of control over hydrocarbon, fishery, and other resources in the waters of Crimea and the Azov region, as well as any “compensation” or “reparations” from Russia for their use and alleged “damage.”

Ukraine’s attempt, supported by Western countries, to designate the Kerch Strait as “international” with the right of passage for vessels of all countries, including warships, has failed as well. For the first time in history, the legally binding award formally recognised the status of the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov as internal waters forming part of sovereign state territory.

The tribunal rejected Kiev’s request to declare Russia’s assertion of sovereignty over the entire Sea of Azov unlawful (as “aggravation of the dispute”) following the Donbass, Zaporozhye, and Kherson regions’ accession to Russia. Nothing in the award prevents the Russian Federation from exercising its sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction in the maritime areas contiguous to the Crimean Peninsula, the Sea of Azov, and the Azov-Kerch waters.

The tribunal dismissed as absurd and cynical Ukraine’s demand for dismantling the Crimean Bridge. The very fact of submission of such a non-starter demand demonstrated inhumane nature of the Kiev regime, which allegedly continues to seek to “punish” Crimeans for their choice in favour of Russia. Ukraine’s claims that the Crimean Bridge obstructs navigation in these waters were found to be unfounded.

The construction of the Crimean Bridge, the transfer of floating drilling platforms under Russian jurisdiction, and inspections of vessels by Russian border guards in the Kerch Strait were all found to be in compliance with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. By extension, the temporary restrictions introduced by the Russian Federation on the passage of foreign state vessels and warships in certain areas of the Black Sea from April to October 2021 were deemed fully consistent with the Convention and justified.

Ukraine’s allegations of violations by the Russian Federation of obligations concerning the protection of underwater cultural heritage were found to be entirely unsubstantiated and unsupported by evidence.

The tribunal also dismissed all Ukrainian claims regarding alleged environmental damage caused by Russia. It was established that Russia has an effective environmental monitoring system in place.

The only issue on which the tribunal made a “nod” towards Ukraine concerned partial non-compliance with environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures in the construction of the Crimean Bridge, the energy bridge, and the gas pipeline across the Kerch Strait. According to the tribunal, the environmental assessment was conducted within excessively short timeframes and did not cover all four seasons of project implementation, and its results were not properly published. At the same time, the tribunal noted Ukraine’s own failure to fulfil its obligations regarding international cooperation in marine environmental protection.

The pace of the EIA process for large-scale infrastructure projects that the tribunal criticised was primarily driven by the urgent humanitarian need to ensure the supply of vital resources (electricity, water, food, and medicines) to Crimea’s population of two million under conditions of a brutal all-out blockade of the peninsula by Ukraine. In any case, Russia’s environmental assessment proved correct, as the tribunal confirmed that the construction of the Crimean Bridge and related infrastructure caused no environmental harm.

Accordingly, the tribunal’s stance on the parameters of Russia’s EIA is viewed as a symbolic “consolation” to the losing Ukrainian side. As unanimously ruled by the tribunal (Section IX, para. 1281 of the ruling), “...having granted [this] declaratory relief, there is no need to order cessation of acts, assurances or guarantees of non-repetition, or reparations.”

The Russian side found the outcome of the proceedings satisfactory.

This arbitral ruling represents a significant defeat for Ukraine and the West in the “legal warfare” waged against Russia.

SOURCE:  https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/2118929/


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https://youtu.be/8qAYBRJ7u6s?si=T0lZrkZoKbIYAogg

19.2.2022 #Ukraine #Russia #Railways Support Railways Explained on Patreon:   / railways_explained  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Buy cool rail-related products on our online store: https://railways-explained.creator-sp... ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qAYBRJ7u6s



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"We'll turn it into an island": Ukraine's Defense Minister threatens Russia's Crimea

"We'll turn it into an island": Ukraine's Defense Minister threatens Russia's Crimea

The enemy's paradigm regarding Crimea has shifted significantly in recent years. While in 2023, high-ranking representatives of the Kyiv regime promised to "reach Yalta" and "drink coffee on the embankment no later than August," now the threats and "wishes" have undergone a significant transformation.

Thus, the head of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense, whose last name is Fedorov (Mykhailo Fedorov (@FedorovMykhailo) on X ) (it’s strange that his last name hasn’t been “derussified” yet), threatens to “turn Crimea from a peninsula into an island and create hell there.”

Fedorov:

We will do everything to turn Crimea into an island.

According to the head of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense, this is already being done – “by destroying logistics.”

Let us remember that the enemy is launching systematic attacks drones и rockets Both on the peninsula itself and on the bridges connecting Crimea to the land corridor. The Crimean Bridge isn't being hit yet, but that's just "for now. " After all, there have been previous attacks with consequences for the bridge.

Logistics in Crimea are indeed suffering significantly. This is reflected in fuel shortages on the Russian peninsula. Meanwhile, Fyodorov's threats also reveal a crucial detail: the Kyiv regime no longer talks about "victory on the battlefield" or "returning Crimea. " Instead, it all boils down to admitting that this has not been achieved and will never be achieved, and in retaliation, Crimeans are being threatened with terrorist attacks. This follows directly from the statements of Fyodorov himself, who, mind you, is still not listed on any terrorist or extremist lists in our country.

  • Evgeniya Chernova


SOURCE:  https://news-pravda.com/world/2026/06/17/2382324.html




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Ukrainian Defense Minister: Crimea will soon become an island!



The actions of Kyiv's militants will soon turn Russia's Crimean Peninsula into an island. This is the promise made by Ukrainian Defense Minister Mykhailo Fedorov. He stated that Kyiv will spare no expense to implement this plan.


Crimea will soon become an island. Hell begins for Russians.

– Fedorov stated.



As a reminder, in recent weeks, Kyiv regime militants have been regularly using their drones to strike military and civilian transport heading toward the peninsula. At the same time, the Ukrainian Armed Forces are remotely mining the Novorossiya highway, which has already killed and injured several people.

Military analysts note that Kyiv's plan is to paralyze all Russian army logistics heading toward the peninsula. To this end, Ukrainian militants are also attacking bridges connecting Crimea with the Kherson region. In recent days alone, several strikes have been carried out on the Chonhar overpass.

Regarding possible methods to counter these militant tactics, military analysts point to the need for the Russian army to respond. Furthermore, they emphasize that to counter Ukrainian drones, some UAV operators must be removed from the front lines.

According to military journalists, this is already being done. Currently, specialists from the Russian Rubicon Center are protecting the Novorossiya highway from attacks by the Ukrainian Armed Forces.

As a reminder, the day before, Kyiv detailed how the Ukrainian Armed Forces plan to deal with the Crimean Bridge.



SOURCE:
https://topcor-ru.translate.goog/72151-ministr-oborony-ukrainy-krym-skoro-stanet-ostrovom.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=fi&_x_tr_pto=wapp



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Wednesday 18th March 2026

Crimean Referendum - Listen: Legendary Sevastopol - Zelensky (in high): not even human



"For me, they're not even human"
: Zelensky's new statement caused a scandal in the West. 

  • Legendary Sevastopol. Music: Vano Muradeli | 16.03.2026
  • Young woman sings the Sevastopol anthem | 16.03.2026
  • "Most people there are of Russian heritage and are celebrating" | 16.03.2026
  • Crimea That Sailed Away From NATO | 16.03.2026
  • Crimean Referendum of 16.03.2014 in Graham Phillips' Archive | 16.03.2026
  • Crimea Referendum 2014 - Polling Station Visit | 2014-03-16
  • Sevastopol - Wikipedia
  • "For me, they're not even people": Zelensky's new statement caused a scandal in the West | 17.03.2026
  • Zelensky's Nazi salute - Video clip.


The conflict in Ukraine was not opened by Russia on Feb 24, but by Ukraine a week before | OSCE France
- DOCUMENTATION #BULLETIN N°27 / MARCH 2022
- Nombre d'explosions enregistrees au #Donbass | 14-22 février 2022.



T=1773802839 / Human Date and time (GMT): Wednesday, 18 March 2026 at 3:00:39

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Legendary Sevastopol. Music: Vano Muradeli

Screenshot

LEGENDARY SEVASTOPOL (anthem of the hero’s city)



https://youtu.be/11lYS2Z53ak?si=CfYOdcpcv_gH-00S

19.10.2023 - High resolution. GOVERNMENT SEVASTOPOL October 17, 1954 at the Navy Stadium song “Legendary Sevastopol” was performed by a joint choir of five thousand sailors, residents of Sevastopol, participants in amateur performances accompanied by a combined military orchestra. Today the Hymn of the Hero City is sung by the whole of Sevastopol.

Music: Vano Muradeli 
Text: Petr Gragov
Written: 1954

Ratified as the official anthem of Sevastopol on 29.07.1994

The song was first performed on the 17th of October 1954 at the Navy stadium by a joint 5000-strong choir of sailors, the residents of Sevastopol, members of amateur artistic collectives, to the accompaniment of the joint military orchestra.

Lyrics: 1. Fly, winged wind, Over the seas, over the land. Tell everyone in the world About my beloved city. Tell everyone in the world How our grandfathers fought On the Crimean shores And became famous in battle.  

Chorus: 0:54 💖
"The legendary Sevastopol, Impenetrable to enemies, Sevastopol, Sevastopol — The pride of - Russian sailors.  
In Russian: 

Припев: Легендарный Севастополь,  Неприступный для врагов,  Севастополь, Севастополь  — Гордость русских моряков.

Translit: 

Legendarnyy Sevastopol',  Nepristupnyy dlya vragov,  Sevastopol', Sevastopol'  — Gordost' russkikh moryakov."    

2. Here on the battle, holy and right, They went for their Motherland And your former glory We multiplied in battle. Casting off their black overcoats, The Black Sea sailors in the days of war, Here on the tanks they went with a grenade, Your sons went to their deaths.

- Chorus.

3. If from across the ocean Enemies come to us with a sword, We will meet the uninvited guests With destructive fire. The whole country knows That the ships are not asleep And they are reliably guarding The shores of their native land.

- Chorus.

1954 Download words for free
© Источник: https://forum.d-seminar.ru/threads/legendarnyi-sevastopol-slova-video-fonogramma.7385/


During the most vicious period of Ukranisation of Crimea in 2006, Ukrainians tried to re-write the text, replacing “Russian sailors” with “Ukrainian sailors”, “Sevastopol” with “white-stone fortress”, and “Cossacks” were added. The reaction of the citizens was strongly negative, to say the least.

Source: Beorn's Beehive

High-resolution video source at YouTube

@BeornAndTheShieldmaiden

Boost

SOURCE: https://news-pravda.com/russia/2026/03/16/2159652.html


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Young woman sings the Sevastopol anthem

Young woman sings the Sevastopol anthem

16.03.2014. Sevastopol, Crimea.

In the video, the Sevastopol anthem is recorded at the one of the polling stations.

Sevastopol and Crimea Republic did not recognise the illegal coup in Kiev. The people of Crimea decided to carry out the referendum where 2 questions were considered:

1. Do you want to join Russia;

2. Do you want to to stay with Ukraine.


The referendum was held on 16.03; about 1.5 million had the right to participate; 83% voted; 97% of them chose to be together with Russia.

Video source on YouTube

@BeornAndTheShieldmaiden

Boost

SOURCE: https://news-pravda.com/world/2026/03/16/2159646.html


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"Most people there are of Russian heritage and are celebrating"


"Most people there are of Russian heritage and are celebrating"

This is how the so-called "Russian invasion" of Crimea was reported before the Western media got their orders from Langley.

Source

Kudos to our resident #essay columnist for the find!

@BeornAndTheShieldmaiden

Boost


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Crimea That Sailed Away From NATO




Crimea That Sailed Away From NATO

On March 18, 2014, Crimea returned to the home shores, based on the results of the referendum.

The news program that we present was aired a month later, on April 23, 2014, and tells about the unhealthy interest that NATO displayed for Crimea before it managed to escape its clutches.

An American military hospital and a CIA-affiliated school would have been the cherries on top of the Sevastopol Bay naval base.

#Documentary

@BeornAndTheShieldmaiden

Boost


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Crimean Referendum of 16.03.2014 in Graham Phillips' Archive


Crimean Referendum of 16.03.2014 in Graham Phillips' Archive

We are working on reuploading the entire deleted Graham Phillips YouTube archive to Rumble, doing so in chronological order and with added AI subtitles where deemed necessary.

Graham witnessed the referendum in Crimea first-hand, and published back then several short reportages, including this one from a polling station.

@BeornAndTheShieldmaiden

Boost


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2014-03-16 - Crimea Referendum 2014 - Polling Station Visit (Reportage)



https://rumble.com/embed/v73ncfa/?pub=4

https://rumble.com/v75u0fi-2014-03-16-crimea-referendum-2014-polling-station-visit-reportage.html


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Crimea holds a referendum in which a large majority 93+% vote for joining Russia:



@TaranQ
_March 18th 2014. 



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Nazi roadblock on election day.
Crimea Referedum voters bus: 
´Shoot 7 dead!´



@DaniMayakovski



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Junta in Kiev is unforgiving: Ukraine builds dam cutting off Crimea water supply | Sat, 10 May 2014




https://www.sott.net/article/278823-Junta-in-Kiev-is-unforgiving-Ukraine-builds-dam-cutting-off-Crimea-water-supply



___


 Water
ZelenskyyUa made a vulgar mockery Crimea.


@PanasukPetr


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More video clips from Maidan 2014
On the persecution of civilians by the Azov Nazis:

Tuesday 23th December 2025

Those who have signed a youth AFU contract go missing, desert and commit suicide 

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Sevastopol


Sevastopol
Anthem: "Легендарный Севастополь" (Russian)
(English: "Legendary Sevastopol")
Orthographic projection of Sevastopol (in green)
Orthographic projection of Sevastopol (in green)
Map of the Crimean Peninsula with Sevastopol highlighted
Map of the Crimean Peninsula with Sevastopol highlighted
Map

Interactive map of Sevastopol
Sevastopol is located in Crimea
Sevastopol
Sevastopol
Location of Sevastopol within Crimea
Coordinates: 44°36′18″N 33°31′21″E
Country (de facto)Russia Russia
Federal Subject (Federal City) (de facto)Sevastopol
Federal District (de facto)Southern
Economic Region (de facto)North Caucasus
Country (de jure)Ukraine Ukraine
City with special status (de jure)Sevastopol
Founded1783 (243 years ago)
Government
 • BodyLegislative Assembly
 • GovernorMikhail Razvozhayev
Area
 • City
864 km2 (334 sq mi)
Elevation
100 m (330 ft)
Population
 (2021)
 • City
547,820
 • Density634/km2 (1,640/sq mi)
 • Urban
479,394
Demonym(s)Sevastopolitan, Sevastopolian
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK[3])
Vehicle registration92, 192[4]
Gross regional product₽168.574 billion
(€2 billion)
₽326,677
(€3748)[2]
NUTS statistical regions of UkraineUA45
Websitesev.gov.ru

Sevastopol (/ˌsɛvəˈstpəl, səˈvæstəpl/ SEV-ə-STOH-pəl, sə-VAS-tə-pohl),[a] sometimes written Sebastopol, is the largest city in Crimea and a major port on the Black Sea. Due to its strategic location and the navigability of the city's harbours, Sevastopol has been an important port and naval base throughout its history. Since the city's founding in 1783, it has been a major base for Russia's Black Sea Fleet. During the Cold War of the 20th century, it was a closed city. The total administrative area is 864 square kilometres (334 sq mi) and includes a significant amount of rural land. The urban population, largely concentrated around Sevastopol Bay, is 479,394,[5] and the total population is 547,820.[6]

Sevastopol, along with the rest of Crimea, is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine, and under the Ukrainian legal framework, it is administratively one of two cities with special status (the other being Kyiv). However, it has been occupied by Russia since 27 February 2014, before Russia annexed Crimea on 18 March 2014 and gave it the status of a federal city of Russia. Both Ukraine and Russia consider the city administratively separate from the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the Republic of Crimea, respectively. The city's population has an ethnic Russian majority and a substantial minority of Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars.

Sevastopol's unique naval and maritime features have been the basis for a robust economy. The city enjoys mild winters and moderately warm summers, characteristics that help make it a popular seaside resort and tourist destination, mainly for visitors from the former Soviet republics. The city is also an important centre for marine biology research. In particular, the military has studied and trained dolphins in the city for military use since the 1960s.[7]

Etymology

The name of Sevastopolis was originally chosen following the same etymological trend as other cities in the Crimean peninsula; it was intended to express its ancient Greek origins. It is a compound of the Greek adjective, σεβαστός (sebastósByzantine Greek pronunciation: [sevasˈtos]; 'venerable') and the noun πόλις (pólis, 'city'). Σεβαστός is the traditional Greek equivalent (see Sebastian) of the Roman honorific Augustus, originally given to the first emperor of the Roman Empire, Augustus and later awarded as a title to his successors.

The city was probably named after Empress ("Augusta") Catherine II of the Russian Empire who founded Sevastopol in 1783. She visited the city in 1787, accompanied by Joseph II, the Emperor of Austria, and other foreign dignitaries.

In the west of the city, there are well-preserved ruins of the ancient Greek port city of Chersonesos, founded in the 5th[8] century BC by settlers from Heraclea Pontica. This name means "peninsula", reflecting its immediate location. It is not related to the ancient Greek name for the Crimean Peninsula as a whole: Chersonēsos Taurikē ("the Taurian Peninsula").

The name of the city is spelled as:

History

The ruins of the ancient Greek theatre in Chersonesos Taurica
Historical affiliations

Chersonesus founded in 6th century BC
Hellenic Colonies 6th century BC – 480 BC
Bosporan Kingdom 480 BC – 107 BC
Kingdom of Pontus 107 BC – 63 BC
Roman Republic 63 BC – 27 BC
Roman Empire 27 BC – 330
Byzantine Empire 330 – 1204
Empire of Trebizond 1204 – 1461
Principality of Theodoro 1461 – 1475
Crimean Khanate 1475 – 1783 (Ottoman vassal from 1478 to 1774)
Russian Empire 1783 – 1917
Founded as Sevastopol in 1783
Russian Republic 1917
Russian SFSR (Soviet Union from 1922) 1917 – 1942
Nazi Germany 1942 – 1944 (de facto)
Russian SFSR (Soviet Union) 1944 – 1954
Ukrainian SSR (Soviet Union) 1954 – 1991
Ukraine 1991 – 2014 (de factode jure – 1991–present)
Russian Federation 2014 – present (de facto)

Ancient Chersonesus

In the 6th century BC, a Greek colony was established in the area of the modern-day city. The Greek city of Chersonesus existed for almost two thousand years, first as an independent democracy and later as part of the Bosporan Kingdom. In the 13th and 14th centuries, it was sacked by the Golden Horde several times and was finally totally abandoned. The modern day city of Sevastopol has no connection to the ancient and medieval Greek city other than geographical location, but the ruins are a popular tourist attraction located on the outskirts of the city.

Part of the Russian Empire

"Soldier and Sailor" Memorial to Heroic Defenders of Sevastopol
The Monument to the Sunken Ships, dedicated to ships scuttled during the siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War, designed by Amandus Adamson
Sevastopol in 1889, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, D.C.

Sevastopol was founded in June 1783 as a base for a naval squadron under the name Akhtiar[16] (White Cliff),[17] by Rear Admiral Thomas MacKenzie ("Foma Fomich Makenzi"), a native Scot in Russian service; soon after, the Russian Empire annexed the Crimean Khanate. Five years earlier, Alexander Suvorov had ordered that earthworks be erected along the harbour and Russian troops be placed there. The Crimean Tatar version of this name is now written Aqyar.

In February 1784, Catherine the Great ordered Grigory Potyomkin to build a fortress there and call it Sevastopol. The realisation of the initial building plans fell to Captain Fyodor Ushakov who in 1788 was named commander of the port and of the Black Sea squadron.[18] The city was established on the western shore of Southern Bay which branches away from the bigger Sevastopol Bay. The ruins of ancient Chersonesus were situated to the west. The newly built settlement became an important naval base and later a commercial seaport. In 1797, under an edict issued by Emperor Paul I, the military stronghold was again renamed Akhtiar. Finally, on 29 April (10 May), 1826, the Senate returned the city's name to Sevastopol.[citation needed] In 1803 to 1864 along with Mykolaiv the city was part of Nikolayev–Sevastopol Military Governorate. The town had 3,000 inhabitants by the 1840s.[19]

British Memorial Complex, Sevastopol, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, D.C.

Crimean War

From 1853 to 1856, the Crimean peninsula's strategic position in controlling the Black Sea caused it to be the site of the principal engagements of the Crimean War, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance.[20]

After a minor skirmish at Köstence (now Constanța), the allied commanders decided to attack Sevastopol as Russia's main naval base in the Black Sea. After extended preparations, allied forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched to a point south of Sevastopol after winning the Battle of the Alma on 20 September. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but the British Army's forces were seriously depleted as a result. A second Russian counterattack, at Inkerman in November, ended in a stalemate as well. The front settled into the siege of Sevastopol, involving brutal conditions for troops on both sides.

Sevastopol finally fell after eleven months, after the French had assaulted Fort Malakoff. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion by the West if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. France and Britain welcomed the development, owing to the conflict's domestic unpopularity. The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856, ended the war and forbade Russia from basing warships in the Black Sea.[21] This hampered the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 and in the aftermath of that conflict, Russia moved to reconstitute its naval strength and fortifications in the Black Sea.[citation needed]

World War II

During World War II, Sevastopol withstood intensive bombardment by the Germans in 1941–42, supported by their Italian and Romanian allies during the Battle of Sevastopol. German forces used railway artillery—including history's largest-ever calibre railway artillery piece in battle, the 80-cm calibre Schwerer Gustav—and specialised mobile heavy mortars to destroy Sevastopol's extremely heavy fortifications, such as the Maxim Gorky Fortresses. After fierce fighting, which lasted for 250 days,[22][23][24] the fortress city finally fell to Axis forces in July 1942.[25] It was intended to be renamed to "Theodorichshafen"[26] (in reference to Theodoric the Great and the fact that Crimea had been home to Germanic Goths until the 18th or 19th century) in the event of a German victory against the Soviet Union, and like the rest of Crimea was designated for future colonisation by the Third Reich. It was liberated by the Red Army on 9 May 1944 and was awarded the Hero City title a year later.

Part of the Ukrainian SSR

During the Soviet era, Sevastopol became a so-called "closed city". This meant that any non-residents had to apply to the authorities for a temporary permit to visit the city.

On 29 October 1948, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian SFSR issued an ukaz (order) which confirmed the special status of the city.[27] Soviet academic publications since 1954, including the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, indicated that Sevastopol, Crimean Oblast was part of the Ukrainian SSR.[28][17]

In 1954, under Nikita Khrushchev, both Sevastopol and the remainder of the Crimean peninsula were administratively transferred from being territories within the Russian SFSR to being territories administered by the Ukrainian SSR. Administratively, Sevastopol was a municipality excluded from the adjacent Crimean Oblast.[citation needed][further explanation needed] The territory of the municipality was 863.5 km2 and it was further subdivided into four raions (districts). Besides the City of Sevastopol proper, it also included two towns—Balaklava (having had no status until 1957), Inkerman, urban-type settlement Kacha, and 29 villages.[29]

For the 1955 Ukrainian parliamentary elections on 27 February, Sevastopol was split into two electoral districts, Stalinsky and Korabelny (initially requested three Stalinsky, Korabelny, and Nakhimovsky).[27] Eventually,[clarification needed] Sevastopol received two people's deputies of the Ukrainian SSR elected to the Verkhovna Rada,[clarification needed] A. Korovchenko and M. Kulakov.[27][30]

In 1957, the town of Balaklava was incorporated into Sevastopol.

Part of Ukraine

The Black Sea Fleet Museum

Following Ukraine's declaration of independence from the USSR in 1991, Sevastopol became the principal base of the Ukrainian navy. As the key naval base of the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet, it was a source of tensions for Russia–Ukraine relations until a set-term lease agreement was signed in 1997.

On 10 July 1993, the Russian parliament passed a resolution declaring Sevastopol to be "a federal Russian city".[31] At the time, many supporters of President Boris Yeltsin had ceased taking part in[clarification needed] the parliament's work.[32] On 20 July 1993, the United Nations Security Council denounced the decision of the Russian parliament. According to Anatoliy Zlenko, it was the first time that the council had to review and qualify actions of a legislative body.[27]

On 14 April 1993, the Presidium of the Crimean Parliament called for the creation of the presidential post of the Crimean Republic.[clarification needed] A week later, the Russian deputy, Valentin Agafonov, said that Russia was ready to supervise a referendum on Crimean independence and include the republic as a separate entity in the CIS. On 28 July 1993, one of the leaders of the Russian Society of Crimea, Viktor Prusakov, said that his organisation was ready for an armed mutiny and the establishment of Russian administration of Sevastopol.

In September, the commander of the joint Russian-Ukrainian Black Sea Fleet, Eduard Baltin [ru], accused Ukraine of converting some of his fleet and conducting an armed assault on his personnel and threatened to take countermeasures placing the fleet on alert. (In June 1992, the Russian president Yeltsin and the Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk had agreed to divide the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet between Russia and Ukraine. Eduard Baltin had been appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet by Yeltsin and Kravchuk on 15 January 1993.)

The Moscow mayor Yury Luzhkov to claim[clarification needed] the city, and in December 1996, the Russian Federation Council officially endorsed the claim, threatening negotiations. In response, Ukraine proposed a "special partnership" with NATO in January 1997.[33]

In May 1997, Russia and Ukraine signed the Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty, ruling out Moscow's territorial claims to Ukraine.[34] This was followed by the Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet on 28 May 1997. A separate agreement established the terms of a long-term lease of land, facilities, and resources in Sevastopol and the Crimea by Russia.[citation needed] Russia kept its naval base, with around 15,000 troops stationed in Sevastopol.[35]

Russian president Vladimir Putin with Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma on board the Black Sea Fleet's flagship in July 2001

The ex-Soviet Black Sea Fleet and its facilities were divided between Russia's Black Sea Fleet and the Ukrainian Naval Forces. The two navies co-used some of the city's harbours and piers, while others were demilitarised or used by either[clarification needed] country. Sevastopol remained the location of the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters, and the Ukrainian Naval Forces Headquarters were also located in the city. A judicial row periodically continued over the naval hydrographic infrastructure both in Sevastopol and on the Crimean coast (especially lighthouses historically maintained by the Soviet and Russian Navy and also used for civil navigation support).

As in the rest of Crimea, Russian remained the predominant language of the city, although following the independence of Ukraine there were some attempts at Ukrainisation, with very little success. Russian society in general and even some outspoken government representatives never accepted the loss of Sevastopol and tended to regard it as temporarily separated from Russia.[36]

In July 2009, the chairman of the Sevastopol City Council, Valeriy Saratov (Party of Regions),[37] said that Ukraine should increase the amount of compensation it is paying to the city of Sevastopol for hosting the foreign Russian Black Sea Fleet, instead of requesting such compensation from the Russian government and the Russian Ministry of Defense in particular.[38]

On 27 April 2010, Russia and Ukraine ratified the Russian Ukrainian Naval Base for Gas treaty, which extended the Russian Navy's lease of the Crimean facilities for 25 years after 2017 (through 2042) with the option to prolong the lease in five-year extensions. The ratification process in the Ukrainian parliament encountered stiff opposition and even resulted in a brawl in the parliament chamber. Eventually, the treaty was ratified by a 52% majority vote—236 of 450. The Russian Duma ratified the treaty by a 98% majority.[39]

Occupation and annexation by Russia

On 23 February 2014, a pro-Russian rally took place in Nakhimov Square declaring allegiance to Russia and protesting against the new government in Kyiv following the overthrow of the president, Viktor Yanukovych.[40] On 27 February, pro-Russian militia, including Russian troops, seized control of government buildings in Crimea, and by 28 February, controlled other strategic locations such as the military airport in Sevastopol.[41][42]

On 16 March 2014, an internationally unrecognised referendum was held in Sevastopol with official results claiming an 89.51% turnout and 95.6% of voters choosing to join Russia. Ukraine and almost all other countries of the United Nations General Assembly consider the referendum illegal and illegitimate.[43][44]

On 18 March, Russia annexed Crimea, incorporating the Republic of Crimea and federal city of Sevastopol as federal subjects of Russia.[45][46] However, the annexation remains internationally unrecognised, with most countries recognizing Sevastopol as a city with special status within Ukraine.[47] While Russia has taken de facto control of Sevastopol and Crimea, the international community considers the area as part of Ukraine.[48][49][50]

Geography

Satellite image of the Sevastopol area.
A view of the Bay of Sevastopol.
Cape Fiolent, on the southwestern coast of Sevastopol.













The city of Sevastopol is located at the southwestern tip of the Crimean peninsula in a headland known as Heracles peninsula on a coast of the Black Sea. The city is designated a special city-region of Ukraine which besides the city itself includes several of its outlying settlements. The city itself is concentrated mostly in the western portion of the region and around the long Bay of Sevastopol. This bay is a ria, a river canyon drowned by Holocene sea-level rise, and the outlet of Chorna River. Away in a remote location southeast of Sevastopol is located the former city of Balaklava (since 1957 incorporated within Sevastopol), the bay of which in the Soviet era served as a main port for the Soviet diesel-powered submarines.

The coastline of the region is mostly rocky, in a series of smaller bays, a great number of which are located within the Bay of Sevastopol. The biggest of them are Southern Bay (within the Bay of Sevastopol), Archer Bay, a gulf complex that consists of Deergrass Bay, the Bay of Cossack, Salty Bay, and many others. There are over thirty bays in the immediate region.

Three rivers flow through the region: the Belbek, Chorna, and Kacha. All three mountain chains of the Crimean mountains are represented in Sevastopol, the southern chain by the Balaklava Highlands, the inner chain by the Mekenziev Mountains, and the outer chain by the Kara-Tau Upland (Black Mountain).

Climate

Sevastopol has a humid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa). Due to the summer mean straddling 22 °C (72 °F) it borders on a four-season oceanic climate, with cold winters and warm summers.

The average yearly temperature is 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) during the day and around 9 °C (48 °F) at night. In the coldest months, January and February, the average temperature is 5–6 °C (41–43 °F) during the day and around 1 °C (34 °F) at night. In the warmest months, July and August, the average temperature is around 26 °C (79 °F) during the day and around 19 °C (66 °F) at night. Generally, the summer/holiday season lasts 5 months, from around mid-May and into September, with the temperature often reaching 20 °C (68 °F) or more in the first half of October.

The average annual temperature of the sea is 14.2 °C (58 °F), ranging from 7 °C (45 °F) in February to 24 °C (75 °F) in August. From June to September, the average sea temperature is greater than 20 °C (68 °F). In the second half of May and the first half of October; the average sea temperature is about 17 °C (63 °F). The average rainfall is about 400 millimetres (16 in) per year. There are about 2,345 hours of sunshine duration per year.[51]

Climate data for Sevastopol
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)5.9
(42.6)
6.0
(42.8)
8.9
(48.0)
13.6
(56.5)
19.2
(66.6)
23.5
(74.3)
26.5
(79.7)
26.3
(79.3)
22.4
(72.3)
17.8
(64.0)
12.3
(54.1)
8.1
(46.6)
15.9
(60.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)2.9
(37.2)
2.8
(37.0)
5.4
(41.7)
9.8
(49.6)
15.1
(59.2)
19.5
(67.1)
22.4
(72.3)
22.1
(71.8)
18.1
(64.6)
13.8
(56.8)
8.8
(47.8)
5.0
(41.0)
12.1
(53.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−0.2
(31.6)
−0.4
(31.3)
2.0
(35.6)
6.1
(43.0)
11.1
(52.0)
15.5
(59.9)
18.2
(64.8)
17.9
(64.2)
13.9
(57.0)
9.9
(49.8)
5.4
(41.7)
2.0
(35.6)
8.5
(47.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)26
(1.0)
25
(1.0)
24
(0.9)
27
(1.1)
18
(0.7)
26
(1.0)
32
(1.3)
33
(1.3)
42
(1.7)
32
(1.3)
42
(1.7)
52
(2.0)
379
(15)
Average precipitation days63422120132531
Mean monthly sunshine hours727514520226731635632625417798642,352
Source: pogodaiklimat.ru[52]

Government and politics

Since 18 March 2014, when Russia annexed Crimea, including Sevastopol, the de facto government and politics of Sevastopol has been that of a federal city of Russia.

Government

Executive

The head of the executive branch in the city is the Governor of Sevastopol. According to the city charter, amended on 29 November 2016, the governor is elected in a direct election for a term of five years and no more than two consecutive terms.[53] The current governor is Mikhail Razvozhayev.

Legislature

During the annexation of Ukrainian Crimea by Russia, the pro-Russian Sevastopol City Council threw its support behind Russian citizen Alexei Chaly as a "people's mayor" and said it would not recognise orders from Kyiv.[54][55] After Russia annexed Crimea, the Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol replaced the City Council.


Administrative and municipal divisions

Within the Russian municipal framework, the territory of the federal city of Sevastopol is divided into nine municipal okrugs and the town of Inkerman. While individual municipal divisions are contained within the borders of the administrative districts, they are not otherwise related to the administrative districts.

Politics

Sevastopol elects one Deputy to the Russian State Duma. The current Deputy, Tatyana Lobach of United Russia, a former Deputy Chairwoman of the Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol, was elected at the 2021 Russian legislative elections.

Ukrainian de jure administration

Districts of Sevastopol:
  Gagarin Raion (Gagarinsky)
  Lenin Raion (Leninsky)
  Nakhimov Raion (Nakhimovsky)
  Balaklava Raion (Balaklavsky)

According to the Constitution of Ukraine, Sevastopol is administered as a City with special status. Executive power in Sevastopol is exercised by the Sevastopol City State Administration, led by a chairman (also known as mayor) appointed by the Ukrainian president.[56] The Sevastopol City Council is the legislature of Sevastopol.

Sevastopol is administratively divided into four districts:


Economy

Apart from navy-related civil facilities, Sevastopol hosts some other notable industries. An example is Stroitel,[57] a major plastic manufacturer.

Industry

  • Sevastopol Aircraft Plant, SMZ Sevastopol Shipyards (main at Naval Bay) & Inkerman Shipyards, Balaklava Bay Shipyard
  • Impuls 2 SMZ
  • Chornomornaftogaz § Chernomorneftegaz (Chjornomor), oil/gas extraction, petrochemical, jack rigs and oil platforms, LNG and oil tankers.
  • AO FNGUP Granit subsidiary of Almaz Antej, assembly, overhaul, and maintenance of SAM and radar EW complexes, ADS services.
  • Sevastopol (Parus SPriborMZ, Mayak, NPO Elektron, NPP Kvant, Tavrida Elektronik, Musson, and other industrial plants)
  • Sevastopol Economic Industrial Zone SevPZ (SE area)
  • Persej SMZ ship repair and floating dock yard plant (South Bay, Sevastopol)
  • Sevastopol ship repair and floating docks yards (various)
  • Metallurgy, Chemical Plants, and other industries.
  • Agriculture: rice, wheat, grapes, tea, fruits, and tobacco (lesser).
  • Mining: iron, titanium, manganese, aluminum, calcite silicates, and amethyst.
  • Kerch bridge, Taurida highway, Sevastopol GasTES plus solar FV plants, gas and petrol depots, and coal derivatives.

Infrastructure

Trolleybuses ZiU-9 in Sevastopol

There are different types of transport in Sevastopol:

  • Bus – 101 lines
  • Trolley bus – 14 lines
  • Minibus – 52 lines
  • Cutter – 6 lines
  • Ferry – 1 line
  • Express bus – 15 lines
  • HEV train (local, suburban route) – 1 route
  • Airport – 1

Sevastopol Shipyard comprises three facilities that together repair, modernise, and re-equip Russian Naval ships and submarines.[58] The Sevastopol International Airport is used as a military aerodrome at the moment and being reconstructed to be used by international airlines.

Sevastopol maintains a large port facility in the Bay of Sevastopol and in smaller bays around the Heracles peninsula. The port handles traffic from passengers (local transportation and cruise), cargo, and commercial fishing. The port infrastructure is fully integrated with the city of Sevastopol and the naval bases of the Black Sea Fleet.

Panorama of the Sevastopol port entrance (left) with its monument to Russian ships which were sunk in the Crimean War to blockade the harbour (far right side).

Tourism

Due to its military history, most streets in the city are named after Russian and Soviet military heroes. There are hundreds of monuments and plaques in various parts of Sevastopol commemorating its military past.

Attractions include:

Demographics

CONTINUES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol


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