GRAVIOLA CANCER SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Graviola Cancer Research is unquestionably an encouraging, organic treatment and one of which emphasizes the significance of protecting our remaining rainforest environments.
Graviola is a modest, up-right evergreen tree, 5-6 meters high, with significant, glossy, dark green leaves. It generates a sizable, heart-shaped, delicious fruit which is 15-20 centimetres across, is yellow-green colored, and possesses white flesh inside.
Graviola is a modest, up-right evergreen tree, 5-6 meters high, with significant, glossy, dark green leaves. It generates a sizable, heart-shaped, delicious fruit which is 15-20 centimetres across, is yellow-green colored, and possesses white flesh inside.
It is native to the majority of the warmest exotic areas in South and North America, such as Amazon. The fruit comes within local markets within the tropics, where it is known as guanábana within Spanish-speaking countries and graviola throughout Brazil.
The fruit pulp is fantastic for producing beverages as well as sherbets and, although somewhat sour-acid, may be consumed raw.
The fruit pulp is fantastic for producing beverages as well as sherbets and, although somewhat sour-acid, may be consumed raw.
Tribal and Herbal Medicine Applications
Every part of the tree is utilized throughout natural medicine throughout the tropics, which includes the bark, leaves, roots, fruit, as well as fruit seeds. Various qualities and uses are attributed to the various areas of the tree. Commonly, the fruit along with fruit juice are consumed for worms and parasites, to lessen fevers, to improve mother’s milk following childbirth, and as an astringent with regard to diarrhea and dysentery.
The smashed seeds are utilized in opposition to inner and outer parasitic organisms, head lice, as well as worms. The bark, leaves, and roots are regarded as a sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine, and a tea is produced for numerous ailments.
The smashed seeds are utilized in opposition to inner and outer parasitic organisms, head lice, as well as worms. The bark, leaves, and roots are regarded as a sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine, and a tea is produced for numerous ailments.
Graviola includes a lengthy, vibrant reputation of use within organic medication in addition to a prolonged documented indigenous use. Throughout the Peruvian Andes, a leaf tea is employed for catarrh (irritation of mucous membranes) and the crushed seed is utilized to eliminate parasitic organisms. In the Peruvian Amazon the bark, roots, along with the leaves are utilized for diabetic issues and as a sedative and antispasmodic. Native tribes in Guyana make use of the leaf and/or bark tea as a sedative and heart tonic.
In the Brazilian Amazon, a leaf tea is utilized for liver issues, and the oil of the leaves and unripe fruit is combined with olive oil and utilized externally for neuralgia, rheumatism, and arthritis pain.
Throughout Jamaica, Haiti, as well as the West Indies, the fruit and/or fruit juice is utilized for fevers, parasites and diarrhea; the bark or leaf is employed as an antispasmodic, sedative, and nervine for heart ailments, coughs, flu, difficult childbirth, asthma, high blood pressure, and parasites.
Graviola Cancer Research: Plant Compounds
Through Graviola cancer research, numerous active substances and chemicals have been discovered within the fruit, as researchers have been researching its qualities since the 1940s. The majority of the exploration on graviola concentrates on a novel group of chemical substances referred to as Annonaceous acetogenins. Graviola generates these natural ingredients throughout its leaf and stem, bark, and fruit seeds.
Three independent research organizations have verified that these chemical substances have substantial antitumorous qualities and selective toxicity in opposition to different types of cancer cells (without doing harm to healthy cells) publishing 8 scientific studies on their conclusions. The majority of the acetogenins have exhibited discerning toxicity to tumor cells at suprisingly low dosages-as little as 1 part per million. Four scientific studies had been released in 1998, which further identify the chemical substances and acetogenins within graviola, which are displaying the strongest anticancerous, antitumorous, and antiviral components. In a 1997 medical study, novel alkaloids present in graviola fruit demonstrated antidepressive effects in animals.
Annonaceous acetogenins are exclusively identified in the Annonaceae family (to which graviola belongs). These chemical substances generally have been recorded with antitumorous, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities. Mode of action scientific studies in 3 independent laboratories recently established that these acetogenins are exceptional inhibitors of enzyme procedures, which are exclusively identified within the membranes of cancerous tumor cells.
For this reason, they are toxic to cancer cells, however have no toxicity to healthy cells. Purdue University, in West Lafayette, Indiana, has carried out significant amounts of Graviola cancer research on the acetogenins, much of which, has been financed by The National Cancer Institute and/or the National Institute of Health (NIH).
To this point, Purdue University and/or its staff have submitted at least 9 U.S. and/or international patents on their work around the antitumorous and insecticidal components and uses of these acetogenins.
In 1997, Purdue University released details with encouraging information that a number of of the Annonaceous acetogenins were not only are successful in eliminating tumors that have confirmed resistant against anti-cancer agents, but additionally appear to have a unique affinity for such resistant cells. In a number of interviews after this information was released, the head pharmacologist in Purdue’s analysis described exactly how this worked.
As he describes it, cancer cells that survive chemotherapy can establish a level of resistance to the agent initially utilized in addition to additional, even unrelated, medicines. This occurrence is known as multi-drug resistance (MDR).
One of the primary methods that cancer cells develop opposition to chemotherapy drugs is through producing an intercellular pump, which is effective at pushing anticancer agents out of the cell before they are able to kill it. Typically, merely about 2 % of the cancer cells in any given individual may develop this pump, however those are the 2 % that can ultimately grow and expand to produce multi-drug-resistant tumors.
Some of the most recent investigation on acetogenins documented that they were capable of closing down these intercellular pumps, therefore eliminating multi-drug-resistant tumors.
Purdue researchers documented that the acetogenins preferentially wiped out multi-drug-resistant cancer cells by obstructing the exchange of ATP, the main supply of cellular energy into them. A tumor cell requires energy to expand and replicate, and a good deal more to operate its pump and discharge attacking agents.
Through suppressing energy to the cell , it can no longer operate its pump. Once acetogenins obstruct ATP towards the tumor cell over time, the cell will no longer have sufficient energy to function preserving procedures and it perishes. Typical cells hardly ever develop this type of pump; consequently, they do not demand substantial portions of energy to operate a pump and, typically, are not negatively impacted by ATP inhibitors. Purdue researchers documented that fourteen various acetogenins examined to date illustrate effective ATP obstructing qualities (including numerous discovered exclusively within graviola). Additionally, they documented that thirteen of these fourteen acetogenins examined were more effective in opposition to MDR breast cancer cells than the 3 typical medications (adriamycin, vincristine, and vinblastine) they used as controls.
The Annonaceous acetogenins identified in graviola so far consist of: annocatalin, annohexocin, annomonicin, annomontacin, annomuricatin A & B, annomuricin A thru E, annomutacin, annonacin, annonacinone, annopentocin A thru C, cis-annonacin, cis-corossolone, cohibin A thru D, corepoxylone, coronin, corossolin, corossolone, donhexocin, epomuricenin A & B, gigantetrocin, gigantetrocin A & B, gigantetrocinone, gigantetronenin, goniothalamicin, iso-annonacin, javoricin, montanacin, montecristin, muracin A thru G, muricapentocin, muricatalicin, muricatalin, muri-catenol, muricatetrocin A & B muricatin D, muricatocin A thru C muricin H, muricin I, muricoreacin, murihexocin 3, murihexocin A thru C, murihexol, murisolin, robustocin, rolliniastatin 1 & 2, saba-delin, solamin, uvariamicin I & IV, xylomaticin
Graviola Cancer Research
Within an 1976 plant screening program by the National Cancer Institute, the leaves along with the stem demonstrated active toxicity in opposition to cancer cells. Scientists have been following up on these discoveries ever since.
To date, particular acetogenins in the fruit and leaves have been documented to be uniquely toxic in vitro to these kinds of tumor cells: - lung carcinoma cell lines; human breast solid tumor lines; prostate adenocarcinoma; pancreatic carcinoma cell lines; colon adenocarcinoma cell lines; liver cancer cell lines; human lymphoma cell lines; and multi-drug resistant human breast adenocarcinoma
Scientists in Taiwan documented in 2003 that the primary acetogenin, annonacin, was extremely toxic to ovarian, cervical, breast, bladder as well as skin cancer cell lines at surprisingly low dosages declaring annonacin is an encouraging anti-cancer agent and deserving of additional animal experiments and, we’d desire, clinical trials.
They inoculated mice with lung cancer cells.
One third acquired nothing (the control group), one third acquired the chemotherapy drug adriamycin, and one third acquired the primary graviola acetogenin, annonacin (at a dosage of 10 mg/kg).
At the conclusion of 2 weeks, 5 of the 6 in the untreated control group remained as alive and lung tumor sizes were then assessed. The adriamycin group showed a 54.6% decrease in tumor mass over the control group, however 50% of the animals passed away from poisoning (3 of 6). The mice acquiring annonacin were all still alive, and the tumors had been limited by 57.9%, somewhat better than adriamycin and without toxicity. This led the scientists to review; “This suggested that annonacin was less toxic in mice. On considering the antitumor activity and toxicity, annonacin might be used as a lead to develop a potential anticancer agent.”
Present Practical Functions
Cancer investigation is continuing on these essential Annona plants and plant chemicals, as a number of pharmaceutical drug companies and universities continue to research, analyze, patent, and attempt to synthesize these chemical compounds into new chemotherapeutic medicines. In fact, graviola appears to be pursuing the similar path as another popular cancer medication – Taxol.
From the moment scientists first identified an antitumorous effect in the bark of the pacific yew tree and a novel chemical known as taxol was identified in its bark – it required 30 years of investigation by several pharmaceutical drug companies, universities, and government agencies prior to the first FDA-approved Taxol drug was sold to a cancer patient (which was dependent on the natural taxol chemical they discovered in the tree bark). With graviola, it’s taken scientists nearly ten years to effectively synthesize (chemically replicate) the primary antitumorous chemical, annonacin.
(regardless of understanding how active the natural chemical was in opposition to cancers).
Since researchers possess the capability to replicate this chemical and many other active acetogenins within the laboratory, the following action is to modify the chemical only enough (without sacrificing any of the antitumorous actions in the process) to become a novel chemical substance, which in turn could be copyrighted and changed into a brand new patented cancer medication. (Naturally-occurring plant chemicals are not able to be patented.)
To date, scientists appear to be thwarted again, each and every moment they alter the chemical enough to be patentable, they lose a great deal of the antitumorous actions. Much like the improvement of taxol, this could take federal government agenies such as the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Health to advance and release full-scale human cancer research on the synthesized unpatentable natural plant chemical (which will permit any pharmaceutical drug company to create a cancer medication making use of the research as occurred with taxol) to have the ability to make this encouraging therapy accessible to cancer patients in due time.
Meanwhile, numerous cancer patients and health professionals aren’t holding out. They are incorporating the natural leaf and stem of graviola (with more than forty recorded naturally-occurring acetogenins including annonacin) as a complementary treatment to their cancer practices. All things considered, graviola includes a lengthy background of safe use as a herbal treatment for various other conditions for quite some time, and research signifies that the antitumorous acetogenins are uniquely toxic to only cancer cells and not healthy cells and in small quantities.
While research verifies that these types of antitumorous acetogenins also exist in high quantities within the fruit seeds and roots, different alkaloid chemicals within the seeds and roots have demostrated some initial in vitro neurotoxic results. Scientists have recommended that these alkaloids may be associated with atypical Parkinson’s disease in countries in which the seeds are utilized as a common herbal parasite treatment. Consequently, making use of the seeds and root of graviola isn’t suggested at this time.
The therapuetic dosage of graviola leaf, (which provides equally as high of an amount of acetogenins as the root and nearly as much as the seed) is documented to be 2-3 grams taken three or four times a day.
The products (capsules and tinctures) have become extensively obtainable in the U.S. marketplace, and now supplied under a number of different manufacturer’s labels in health food stores.
As one of graviola’s mechanisms of action is to diminish ATP energy to cancer cells, mixing it along with other supplements and natural products, which improve or boost cellular ATP may lessen the effect of graviola.
The primary supplement which increases ATP is a very common antioxidant called Coenzyme Q10 and for this purpose, it must be avoided whenever consuming graviola.
Graviola is unquestionably an encouraging, organic treatment and one that again emphasizes the significance of protecting our remaining rainforest environments. Perhaps, if enough individuals believe that the potential remedy for cancer genuinely is locked away within a rainforest plant, we will consider the required process needed to safeguard our remaining tropical rain forests from devastation.
One investigator researching graviola abbreviated this concept gracefully: “At the time of preparation of this current review, over 350 Annonaceous acetogenins have been isolated from 37 species.
Our preliminary efforts reveal that about 50%, of over 80 Annonaceous species screened, are considerably bioactive and therefore are deserving of fractionation; thus, these types of compounds can be anticipated to continue to develop at an rapid rate in the future, provided that monetary assistance for such research initiatives can be discovered. With the decline of the world’s tropical rain forests, such work is persuasive before the great chemical diversity, included throughout these vulnerable species, is lost.”
Graviola Cancer Research Plant Summary
Main Actions (in order):
anticancerous, antitumorous, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, hypotensive (lowers blood pressure)
Main Uses:
for cancer (all types)
as a broad-spectrum internal and external antimicrobial to treat bacterial and fungal infections
for internal parasites and worms
for high blood pressure
for depression, stress, and nervous disorders
Properties/Actions Documented by Research:
antibacterial, anticancerous, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antifungal, antimalarial, antimutagenic (cellular protector), antiparasitic, antispasmodic, antitumorous, cardiodepressant, emetic (causes vomiting), hypotensive (lowers blood pressure), insecticidal, sedative, uterine stimulant, vasodilator
Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:
antiviral, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart), decongestant, digestive stimulant, febrifuge (reduces fever), nervine (balances/calms nerves), pediculicide (kills lice), vermifuge (expels worms)
Cautions:
It contains cardiodepressant, vasodilator, and hypotensive (lowers blood pressure) actions. Substantial dosages can trigger nausea and vomiting. Avoid mixing with ATP-enhancers like CoQ10.
Worldwide Ethnomedical Uses
Brazil: For abscesses, bronchitis, cough, diabetes, chest problems, diarrhea, dysentery, edema, fever, intestinal colic, liver problems, neuralgia, intestinal parasites, nervousness, pain, parasites, rheumatism, spasms, worms
Caribbean: For chills, fever, flu, indigestion, nervousness, palpitations, skin disease, rash, spasms, and as a sedative
Curaçao: For childbirth, gallbladder problems, nervousness, and as a sedative and tranquilizer
Haiti: for digestive sluggishness, coughs, diarrhea, fever, flu, heart conditions, lactation aid, lice, nerves, parasites, pain, pellagra, sores, spasms, weakness, wounds, and as a sedative
Jamaica: For asthma, fevers, heart conditions, hypertension, lactation aid, nervousness, parasites, spasms, water retention, weakness, worms, and as a sedative
Malaysia: For boils, coughs, diarrhea, dermatosis, hypertension, rheumatism, and to reduce bleeding
Mexico: For diarrhea, dysentery, fever, chest colds, ringworm, scurvy, and to reduce bleeding
Panama: For diarrhea, dyspepsia, kidney, stomach ulcers, worms
Peru: For diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, fever, hypertension, indigestion, inflammation, lice, liver disorders, parasites, spasms, tumors, ulcers (internal), and as a sedative
Trinidad: For blood cleansing, fainting, flu, high blood pressure, insomnia, lactation aid, palpitations, ringworms
U.S.A.: For cancer, depression, fungal infections, hypertension, intestinal parasites, tumors
West Indies: For asthma, childbirth, diarrhea, hypertension, lactation aid, parasites, worms
Elsewhere: For arthritis, asthma, bile insufficiency, childbirth, cancer, diarrhea, dysentery, fever, heart problems, kidney problems, lactation aid, lice, liver disorders, malaria, pain, ringworm, scurvy, stomach problems, and as a sedative.
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https://graviolat.blogspot.com/2019/09/best-ways-to-prepare-soursop-leaves-to.html_
https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2015/02/historic-perspectives-on-graviola-from.html_
https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2018/05/graviola-aka-soursop-what-you-need-to.html
_
https://graviolat.blogspot.com/2019/09/best-ways-to-prepare-soursop-leaves-to.html_
https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2015/02/historic-perspectives-on-graviola-from.html_
https://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2018/05/graviola-aka-soursop-what-you-need-to.html
__
SOURSOP IS SAID TO CURE CANCER!!
Miracle unleashed.
When researchers at the Health Sciences Institute were alerted to the news of
Soursop, they began tracking the research done on the cancer-killing tree.
Evidence of the astounding effectiveness of Soursop–and its shocking cover-up–came
in fast and furious….
The results showed that Soursop’s “leaves and stems were found effective in attacking
and destroying malignant cells.” Inexplicably, the results were published in an internal
report and never released to the public…
20 independent laboratory tests, yet no double-blind clinical trials–the typical
benchmark mainstream doctors and journals use to judge a treatment’s value
–were ever initiated…
at Catholic University of South Korea stated that one chemical in Soursop was
found to selectively kill colon cancer cells at “10,000 times the potency of (the
commonly used chemotherapy drug) Adriamycin…”
The most significant part of the Catholic University of South Korea report is that
Soursop was shown to selectively target the cancer cells, leaving healthy cells
untouched.
Unlike chemotherapy, which indiscriminately targets all actively reproducing cells
(such as stomach and hair cells), causing the often devastating side effects of nausea
and hair loss in cancer patients.
A study at Purdue University recently found that leaves from the Soursop tree killed
cancer cells among six human cell lines and were especially effective against prostate, pancreatic and lung cancers.
________
________
Electron transport chain
Electron transfer chain in the inner-membrane of mitochondrion. The electron transfer chain contains five complexes designated as complex I, II, III, IV, and V (F 1 F 0 -ATP synthase). The electrochemical H + gradient provided by these membrane-bound complexes serve as energy source for ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate by an F 1 F 0 -ATP synthase
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Electron-transfer-chain-in-the-inner-membrane-of-mitochondrion-The-electron-transfer_fig1_232699942
The Annonaceous acetogenins are promising new antitumor and pesticidal agents that are found only in the plant family Annonaceae.
Chemically, they are derivatives of long-chain fatty acids. Biologically, they exhibit their potent bioactivities through depletion of ATP levels via inhibiting complex I of mitochondria and inhibiting the NADH oxidase of plasma membranes of tumor cells. Thus, they thwart ATP-driven resistance mechanisms. This review presents the progress made in the chemistry, biology, and development of these compounds since December 1995
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np980406d
Understanding mitochondrial complex I assembly in health and disease
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the largest multimeric enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which is responsible for electron transport and the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane to drive ATP production. Eukaryotic complex I consists of 14 conserved subunits, which are homologous to the bacterial subunits, and more than 26 accessory subunits. In mammals, complex I consists of 45 subunits, which must be assembled correctly to form the properly functioning mature complex. Complex I dysfunction is the most common oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disorder in humans and defects in the complex I assembly process are often observed.
The Warburg hypothesis, sometimes known as the Warburg theory of cancer,
postulates that the driver of tumorigenesis is an insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult to mitochondria.[1] The term Warburg effect describes the observation that
cancer cells, and many cells grown in-vitro, exhibit glucose fermentation even when
enough oxygen is present to properly respire. In other words, instead of fully respiring
in the presence of adequate oxygen, cancer cells ferment.
He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the
fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g., adenosine triphosphate / ATP)
by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis).
This is in contrast to "healthy" cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative
breakdown of pyruvate.
Pyruvate is an end-product of glycolysis, and is oxidized within the mitochondria.
4.2. Annonaceous Acetogenins
AGEs are a unique class of C-35/C37 secondary metabolites derived from long chain
(C-32/C34) fatty acids in the polyketide pathway. They are usually characterized by a
combination of fatty acids with a 2-propanol unit at C-2 that forms a methyl-substituted
α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone [72]. Since the discovery of uvaricin from Uvaria accuminata
in 1982, more than 500 AGEs have been identified from different parts of the plants in the
Annonaceae family [73,74]. Due to the special structures and extensive biological activities,
AGEs have attracted significant scientific interest in recent years.
Various biological activities have been reported for AGEs, including antimalarial,
antiparasitic and pesticidal activities [72,75].
However, the biological activities of AGEs are primarily characterized with toxicity
against cancer cells and inhibitory effects against the mitochondrial complex I
(mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) [76,77].
Phytochemical investigations and biological studies on different parts of the A. muricata plant resulted in the identification of a wide array of AGE compounds, as summarized in Table 1.
The chemical structures of the major acetogenins are shown in Figure 2.
To the best of our knowledge, at the time of preparation (January 2015) of the present
review over 100 AGEs have been identified in A. muricata.
http://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2014/08/best-ways-to-prepare-soursop-leaves-to.html
Electron Transport Chain | 8.12.2016
The Electron Transport Chain & complexes I-IV that pump protons out of the
Mitochondria by the transfer of the electrons carried on NADH & FADH2 to maintain
the concentration gradient of the protons "high in the intermembrane space &
low in the matrix of the Mitochondria"
Characterization of the Annonaceous acetogenin, annonacinone, a natural product
inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
(Scientific Reports volume 6, Article number: 36462 (2016) doi:10.1038/srep36462)
In this study, we evaluated a novel PAI-1 inhibitor, annonacinone, a natural product from
the Annonaceous acetogenins group
- High plasma levels of PAI-1 are related to the development of thrombosis as well as
several other pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disturbances
1,2,3.
- Moreover PAI-1 is able to promote tumor angiogenesis and high PAI-1 level in solid
tumors are associated with a poor prognosis 4,5.
Discussion
In conclusion, our work showed that, as well as their other biological properties,
natural Annonaceous acetogenins, and particularly annonacinone, have an effect on
fibrinolysis. Indeed, annonacinone is a potent inhibitor of PAI-1 in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.
Annonacinone mechanism of action and binding site on PAI-1 were also enlightened.
Altogether, annonacinone appears to be a very promising antithrombotic agent and should
be further studied.
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep36462
When researchers at the Health Sciences Institute were alerted to the news of
Soursop, they began tracking the research done on the cancer-killing tree.
Evidence of the astounding effectiveness of Soursop–and its shocking cover-up–came
in fast and furious….
The results showed that Soursop’s “leaves and stems were found effective in attacking
and destroying malignant cells.” Inexplicably, the results were published in an internal
report and never released to the public…
20 independent laboratory tests, yet no double-blind clinical trials–the typical
benchmark mainstream doctors and journals use to judge a treatment’s value
–were ever initiated…
at Catholic University of South Korea stated that one chemical in Soursop was
found to selectively kill colon cancer cells at “10,000 times the potency of (the
commonly used chemotherapy drug) Adriamycin…”
The most significant part of the Catholic University of South Korea report is that
Soursop was shown to selectively target the cancer cells, leaving healthy cells
untouched.
Unlike chemotherapy, which indiscriminately targets all actively reproducing cells
(such as stomach and hair cells), causing the often devastating side effects of nausea
and hair loss in cancer patients.
A study at Purdue University recently found that leaves from the Soursop tree killed
cancer cells among six human cell lines and were especially effective against prostate, pancreatic and lung cancers.
cancer cells among six human cell lines and were especially effective against prostate, pancreatic and lung cancers.
________
________
Electron transport chain
Electron transfer chain in the inner-membrane of mitochondrion. The electron transfer chain contains five complexes designated as complex I, II, III, IV, and V (F 1 F 0 -ATP synthase). The electrochemical H + gradient provided by these membrane-bound complexes serve as energy source for ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate by an F 1 F 0 -ATP synthase
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the largest multimeric enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which is responsible for electron transport and the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane to drive ATP production. Eukaryotic complex I consists of 14 conserved subunits, which are homologous to the bacterial subunits, and more than 26 accessory subunits. In mammals, complex I consists of 45 subunits, which must be assembled correctly to form the properly functioning mature complex. Complex I dysfunction is the most common oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disorder in humans and defects in the complex I assembly process are often observed.
The Warburg hypothesis, sometimes known as the Warburg theory of cancer,
postulates that the driver of tumorigenesis is an insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult to mitochondria.[1] The term Warburg effect describes the observation that
cancer cells, and many cells grown in-vitro, exhibit glucose fermentation even when
enough oxygen is present to properly respire. In other words, instead of fully respiring
in the presence of adequate oxygen, cancer cells ferment.
He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the
fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g., adenosine triphosphate / ATP)
by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis).
This is in contrast to "healthy" cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative
breakdown of pyruvate.
Pyruvate is an end-product of glycolysis, and is oxidized within the mitochondria.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Electron-transfer-chain-in-the-inner-membrane-of-mitochondrion-The-electron-transfer_fig1_232699942
The Annonaceous acetogenins are promising new antitumor and pesticidal agents that are found only in the plant family Annonaceae.
Chemically, they are derivatives of long-chain fatty acids. Biologically, they exhibit their potent bioactivities through depletion of ATP levels via inhibiting complex I of mitochondria and inhibiting the NADH oxidase of plasma membranes of tumor cells. Thus, they thwart ATP-driven resistance mechanisms. This review presents the progress made in the chemistry, biology, and development of these compounds since December 1995
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np980406d
The Annonaceous acetogenins are promising new antitumor and pesticidal agents that are found only in the plant family Annonaceae.
Chemically, they are derivatives of long-chain fatty acids. Biologically, they exhibit their potent bioactivities through depletion of ATP levels via inhibiting complex I of mitochondria and inhibiting the NADH oxidase of plasma membranes of tumor cells. Thus, they thwart ATP-driven resistance mechanisms. This review presents the progress made in the chemistry, biology, and development of these compounds since December 1995
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np980406d
Understanding mitochondrial complex I assembly in health and disease
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the largest multimeric enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which is responsible for electron transport and the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane to drive ATP production. Eukaryotic complex I consists of 14 conserved subunits, which are homologous to the bacterial subunits, and more than 26 accessory subunits. In mammals, complex I consists of 45 subunits, which must be assembled correctly to form the properly functioning mature complex. Complex I dysfunction is the most common oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disorder in humans and defects in the complex I assembly process are often observed.
The Warburg hypothesis, sometimes known as the Warburg theory of cancer,
postulates that the driver of tumorigenesis is an insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult to mitochondria.[1] The term Warburg effect describes the observation that
cancer cells, and many cells grown in-vitro, exhibit glucose fermentation even when
enough oxygen is present to properly respire. In other words, instead of fully respiring
in the presence of adequate oxygen, cancer cells ferment.
He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the
fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g., adenosine triphosphate / ATP)
by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis).
This is in contrast to "healthy" cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative
breakdown of pyruvate.
Pyruvate is an end-product of glycolysis, and is oxidized within the mitochondria.
4.2. Annonaceous Acetogenins
AGEs are a unique class of C-35/C37 secondary metabolites derived from long chain
(C-32/C34) fatty acids in the polyketide pathway. They are usually characterized by a
combination of fatty acids with a 2-propanol unit at C-2 that forms a methyl-substituted
α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone [72]. Since the discovery of uvaricin from Uvaria accuminata
in 1982, more than 500 AGEs have been identified from different parts of the plants in the
Annonaceae family [73,74]. Due to the special structures and extensive biological activities,
AGEs have attracted significant scientific interest in recent years.
(C-32/C34) fatty acids in the polyketide pathway. They are usually characterized by a
combination of fatty acids with a 2-propanol unit at C-2 that forms a methyl-substituted
α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone [72]. Since the discovery of uvaricin from Uvaria accuminata
in 1982, more than 500 AGEs have been identified from different parts of the plants in the
Annonaceae family [73,74]. Due to the special structures and extensive biological activities,
AGEs have attracted significant scientific interest in recent years.
Various biological activities have been reported for AGEs, including antimalarial,
antiparasitic and pesticidal activities [72,75].
antiparasitic and pesticidal activities [72,75].
However, the biological activities of AGEs are primarily characterized with toxicity
against cancer cells and inhibitory effects against the mitochondrial complex I
(mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) [76,77].
Phytochemical investigations and biological studies on different parts of the A. muricata plant resulted in the identification of a wide array of AGE compounds, as summarized in Table 1.against cancer cells and inhibitory effects against the mitochondrial complex I
(mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) [76,77].
The chemical structures of the major acetogenins are shown in Figure 2.
To the best of our knowledge, at the time of preparation (January 2015) of the present
review over 100 AGEs have been identified in A. muricata.
http://graviolateam.blogspot.com/2014/08/best-ways-to-prepare-soursop-leaves-to.html
Electron Transport Chain | 8.12.2016
The Electron Transport Chain & complexes I-IV that pump protons out of the
Mitochondria by the transfer of the electrons carried on NADH & FADH2 to maintain
the concentration gradient of the protons "high in the intermembrane space &
low in the matrix of the Mitochondria"
Mitochondria by the transfer of the electrons carried on NADH & FADH2 to maintain
the concentration gradient of the protons "high in the intermembrane space &
low in the matrix of the Mitochondria"
Characterization of the Annonaceous acetogenin, annonacinone, a natural product
inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
(Scientific Reports volume 6, Article number: 36462 (2016) doi:10.1038/srep36462)
In this study, we evaluated a novel PAI-1 inhibitor, annonacinone, a natural product from
the Annonaceous acetogenins group
- High plasma levels of PAI-1 are related to the development of thrombosis as well as
several other pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disturbances
1,2,3.
- Moreover PAI-1 is able to promote tumor angiogenesis and high PAI-1 level in solid
tumors are associated with a poor prognosis 4,5.
Discussion
In conclusion, our work showed that, as well as their other biological properties,
natural Annonaceous acetogenins, and particularly annonacinone, have an effect on
fibrinolysis. Indeed, annonacinone is a potent inhibitor of PAI-1 in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.
Annonacinone mechanism of action and binding site on PAI-1 were also enlightened.
Altogether, annonacinone appears to be a very promising antithrombotic agent and should
be further studied.
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep36462
(Scientific Reports volume 6, Article number: 36462 (2016) doi:10.1038/srep36462)
In this study, we evaluated a novel PAI-1 inhibitor, annonacinone, a natural product from
the Annonaceous acetogenins group
- High plasma levels of PAI-1 are related to the development of thrombosis as well as
several other pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disturbances
1,2,3.
- Moreover PAI-1 is able to promote tumor angiogenesis and high PAI-1 level in solid
tumors are associated with a poor prognosis 4,5.
Discussion
In conclusion, our work showed that, as well as their other biological properties,
natural Annonaceous acetogenins, and particularly annonacinone, have an effect on
fibrinolysis. Indeed, annonacinone is a potent inhibitor of PAI-1 in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.
Annonacinone mechanism of action and binding site on PAI-1 were also enlightened.
Altogether, annonacinone appears to be a very promising antithrombotic agent and should
be further studied.
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep36462
Best Ways to Prepare Soursop Leaves to Make Tea for Cancer
Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Jul; 16(7): 15625–15658.
Published online 2015 Jul 10. doi: 10.3390/ijms160715625 PMCID: PMC4519917
Posted by: ahmadferi May 24, 2013
Annona muricata (Annonaceae):
Доставка в Российскую Федерацию,
EMS - Я разослать эту форму
Annona muricata (Annonaceae):
A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Isolated Acetogenins and Biological Activities
Доставка в Российскую Федерацию, EMS - Я разослать эту форму
Soursop fruit is rich in phytonutrients and phytochemicals.
Various
research has shown that soursop is rich in antioxidants that are
beneficial to maintain health and treating disease. Antioxidants that
are contained in soursop fruit include vitamin C.
_
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2890309/
_
Graviola aka Soursop cancer cell eliminator. US Patent Collection db Annonaceous Acetogenins
https://graviolat.blogspot.com/2019/09/graviola-aka-soursop-cancer-cell.html
_
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2890309/
_
Graviola aka Soursop cancer cell eliminator. US Patent Collection db Annonaceous Acetogenins
https://graviolat.blogspot.com/2019/09/graviola-aka-soursop-cancer-cell.html
Graviola mehu Vitazita
Graviola -nektari/mehu - 500 ml/plo. Jälleen saatavilla!
Graviola -hedelmäsose, 100 % hedelmälihaa, 350 g 16,80 €
Graviola -hedelmäsose, 100 % hedelmälihaa, 350 g 16,80 €
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