sunnuntai 17. toukokuuta 2015

Aloe Vera Drinking Gel "Traditional Honey": klassikko, joka sisältää aitoa kukkaishunajaa


Aloe Vera-geelijuoma: Todellinen monilahjakkuus!

Aloe Vera Drinking Gel "Traditional Honey": klassikko, joka sisältää aitoa kukkaishunajaa

Erämaan lilja, 

Aloe Vera on jo vuosituhansia lukuisista ainesosistaan tunnettu viljelykasvi. 

Ihmiselle erityisen arvokkaana pidetään lajia Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller, jonka puhdasta lehtigeeliä käytetään LR:n korkealuokkaisissa Aloe Vera-geelijuomissa.


Voidaksemme vastata yhä kasvaviin laatuvaatimuksiin käytämme vain kaikkein parhaimpia raaka-aineita.

Viljelyssä olemme luopuneet kokonaan tuholaismyrkkyjen ja kemiallisten lannoitteiden käytöstä.
Myös kaikki muut käsittelyvaiheet takaavat korkean laadun – siitä todisteena ovat säännölliset kontrollit

Asiantuntijamme – osaamista jokaisella käyttöalueellaSGS INSTITUT FRESENIUKSEN ja IASC:n toimesta. 

Suoja: Colostrum - Cistus Incanus - Probiotic12 

Voit tukea hyvinvointiasi parhaalla mahdollisella tavalla tuoteperheidemme Colostrum, Cistus Incanus ja Probiotic12 avulla. 
Colostrum – Ensimmäisten tuntien alkuvoima

Colostrum Products

Käytämme LR:n Colostrum-tuotteissa lehmän ensimaitoa – niin kutsuttua ternimaitoa.
Se muodostuu vain ensimmäisten vasikan syntymisen jälkeisten tuntien aikana. Tämä maito antaa eläinkunnassa vastasyntyneelle vasikalle kaiken, mitä se tarvitsee
Colostrum-laatukriteerit:
  1. Yksinomaan ensimmäisten 12 tunnin aikaisen ylimääräisen maidon käyttö 
  2. Yksinomaan Saksasta, Itävallasta ja Sveitsistä peräisin olevista lehmistä 
  3. Ensimmäiset Colostrum-tuotteet markkinoilla, joilla on SGS INSTITUT FRESENIUS-laatusinetti   
  4. Kaikki tuotteet ilman lisäsäilöntäaineita 
    PROBIOTIC12: Probioottiset bakteerit hyvinvointiasi varten

Pro Biotic Product
Probioottiset bakteerit voidaan jakaa yli 400 eri bakteerikantaan. Monta miljoonaa tällaista bakteeria täyttää suolistomme. Ihmisen hyvinvointi riippuu näiden bakteerien oikeasta tasapainosta. 
Mikä on erikoista LR:n PROBIOTIC12-tuotteissa?
  • 1 mrd. probioottista bakteeria yhdessä kapselissa
  • 12 erilaista bakteerikantaa
  • Patentoitu mikrokapselointi
  • Laktoosittomia
 Pro12-koostumus: patentoitu, yksinomaan LR:ltä!
CISTUS INCANUS: Luonnonvaraisen Cistus Incanus-kasvin voimalla 
Cistus Incanus – jolla ei ole suomalaista nimeä – on pieni, aromaattisesti tuoksuva pensas, joka kasvaa pääasiassa runsaasti magnesiumia sisältävässä maaperässä Etelä-Euroopassa. 

• Cistus Incanus-suihke – ihanteellinen matkalle (Ei saatavana Suomessa.)
 • Cistus Incanus-kapselit – sisältävät C-vitamiinia ja sinkkiä
 • Cistus Incanus-tee – maukas ja hyvää tekevä   
Mikä on erikoista LR:n Cistus Incanus-tuotteissa?  - Runsaspitoisten hienoksi leikattujen lehtien käyttö, ei puisia osia tai leikkaustähteitä - Vain luonnonvaraisista kasveista- Ei geeniteknisesti käsitelty




Vitamiineja, mineraaleja ja muuta  
Vahvista kehoasi! Jokainen ihminen tarvitsee sellaisten ravintoaineiden kuin hiilihydraattien, valkuaisaineiden ja rasvojen ohella myös vitamiineja, kivennäisaineita, hivenaineita ja sekundaarisia kasviaineita. Kun keho saa optimaalisesti näitä aineita, luodaan perusta terveelle elämälle ja hyvinvoinnille.

Vita Aktiv: Hyvä 10 vitamiinin saanti 

Vitamiinit ovat osallisina kehon monissa elintärkeissä toiminnoissa. Niiden riittävä saanti on olennainen perusta terveydellesi. Vita Aktiv kattaa jo yhdellä teelusikallisella aikuisen henkilön 10 tärkeän vitamiinin päivittäisen tarpeen 100-prosenttisesti.

Mitä Vita Aktiv tarjoaa?
  1. Kattava tiiviste 21:stä hedelmä- ja vihanneslajista 
  2. Kattaa 100%:isesti 10 vitamiinin päivittäisen tarpeen 
  3. Ei sisällä säilöntäaineita 
  4. Ei sisällä väriaineita

Nauti Vita Aktivista 

Kokeile Vita Aktivia jogurtin kanssa tai jälkiruuan kastikkeena. Monet pitävät siitä myös murojen tai Figuactiv Vital "Crunchy karpalo -myslin" lisukkeena.
ProBalance: Emäksiset kivennäissuolat kehollesi


ProBalance sisältää emäksisiä kivennäissuoloja, joita keho voi käyttää nopeasti ja helposti hyväkseen. Arvokkaat kivennäisaineet, kuten magnesium, kalsium ja kupari, tukevat happojen ja emästen tasapainoa. 
Mitä ProBalance tarjoaa?  -Tarjoaa valikoituja emäksisiä kivennäissuoloja -Sisältää kivennäisaineita ja hivenaineita-Laktoositon

Probalance tarjoaa
270 mg Kaliumia, 200 mg Magnesiumia, 695 mg Kalsiumia, 450 µg Kuparia, 60 µg Kromia, 80 µg Molybdeeniä.

Aloe Berry Nectar


Sama hieno tuote kuin alkupäinen: käsin poimittua ja luonnonmukaisesti viljeltyä Aloe veraa, mutta tässä hyvä maku karpaloista ja omenoista, mikä sopii koko perheelle.

Art. nro: 34


Määrä: 1 litra
 Ainesosat

 Ravintosisältö

 Ohjeet

Huippulaatua asiakkaille

Kilpailukykyiset hinnat ovat edelleenkin yksi asiakkaan päätöksen olennaisista kriteereistä. Kuluttajille on tärkeämpää ennen kaikkea ostetun tuotteen laatu.

Sen lisäksi henkilökohtaista kontakia myyjään ja yksilöllinen neuvontaa arvostetaan yhä enemmän. LR:n asiakkaana hyödyt molemmista ja vielä enemmänkin! 
LR-asiakkaan olennaiset edut: 
  • Huippulaatuiset tuotteet 
  • Riippumattomuus kauppojen aukioloajoista
  • Henkilökohtainen neuvonta hja tuki

Jos sinäkin haluat hyötyä edullisista ostohinnoista, ota meihin yhteyttä.

myynti@graviola.fi

Korkeat Aloe Vera -pitoisuudet

Kaikki tuotteemme on valmistettu Aloe Barbadensis Miller -lääkekasvista. Aloe Veraa ei pastöroida, hiilisuodateta, kuumenneta eikä pakasteta, vaan sen valmistuksessa käytetään ainutlaatuista, hellää stabilisointimenetelmää. Tämän ansiosta tuotteiden Aloe Vera -pitoisuudet ovat markkinoiden korkeimpia.

Esimerkkejä tuotteistamme ja niiden Aloe Vera -pitoisuuksista:
  • Aloe Vera Propolisvoide iho ongelmiin. Aloe Veraa 79 %. 
  • Aloe Vera Concentrate voide. Aloe Veraa 90 % 
  • Aloe Vera Thermo Lotion lihas- ja hermoratasärkyihin. Aloe Veraa 45 % 
  • Aloe Vera Emergency Spray. Aloe Veraa 83 % 
  • Aloe Vera AURINKOTUOTTEITA. Aloe Veraa 40-70% 
  • Aloe Vera puhdistusmaito ja kasvovesi. Aloe Veraa 50 % 
  • Aloe Vera päivä- ja yövoide. Aloe Veraa 50 % 
  • Aloe Vera vaahtonaamio. Aloe Veraa 50 % 
  • Aloe Vera kuorintavoide. Aloe Veraa 50 % 
  • Aloe Vera huulirasva. Aloe Veraa 40 % 
  • Aloe Vera silmänympärysvoide. Aloe Veraa 50 % 
  • Aloe Vera suihkugeeli 
  • Aloe Vera Soft Skin cream 
  • Aloe Vera Body Balm vartaloemulsio. Aloe Veraa 69 % 
  • Aloe Vera Hair and Body Shampoo. Aloe Veraa 69 % 
  • Aloe Vera Deo Roll-on 
  • Aloe Vera Wellness Bath kylpytuote. Aloe Veraa 40 % 
  • Aloe Vera hiuskuuri. Aloe Veraa 60 % 
  • Aloe Vera Conditioning Shampoo. Aloe Veraa 69 % 
  • Aloe Vera Cream Soap saippuaton pesuneste. Aloe Veraa 38 % 
  • Aloe Vera Hand Cream käsivoide.Aloe Veraa 69 % 
  • Aloe Vera Hand Cream Extra Rich täyteläinen käsivoide. Aloe Veraa 40 % 
  • Aloe Vera partavaahto, partabalsami ja Anti Stress voide. Aloe Veraa 30-50 % 
  • Aloe Vera Baby. 6 erilaista hoitavaa tuotetta lapsille 
  • Aloe Vera Shampoo eläimille 
  • Aloe Vera Coat Gloss turkinhoitotuote. Aloe Veraa 50 %. 
  • Aloe Vera Quick Help Spray. Aloe Veraa 80 % 
  • Aloe Vera geelijuomat, 3 erilaista Aloe Barbadensis Miller geelijuomaa. Eivät mehuja. Ei säilöntäaineita

myynti@graviola.fi

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perjantai 8. toukokuuta 2015

Aspartame has been Renamed and is Now Being Marketed as a Natural Sweetener - What is aspartame? Five surprising facts

Artificial sweeteners especially aspartame has gotten a bad rap over the years, most likely due to studies showing they cause cancer. But not to worry Ajinomoto the company that makes
Aspartame has changed the name to AminoSweet. It has the same toxic ingredients but a nice new sounding name. And if you or your child happens to be allergic to Aspartame, well don’t take it personally it’s just business.
Despite the evidence gained over the years showing that aspartame is a dangerous toxin, it has remained on the global market . In continues to gain approval for use in new types of food despite evidence showing that it causes neurological brain damage, cancerous tumors, and endocrine disruption, among other things.
Most consumers are oblivious to the fact that Aspartame was invented as a drug but upon discovery of its’ sweet taste was magically transformed from a drug to a food additive. HFA wants to warn our readers to beware of a wolf dressed up in sheep’s clothing or in this case Aspartame dressed up as Aminosweet.
Over 25 years ago, aspartame was first introduced into the European food supply. Today, it is an everyday component of most diet beverages, sugar-free desserts, and chewing gums in countries worldwide. But the tides have been turning as the general public is waking up to the truth about artificial sweeteners like aspartame and the harm they cause to health. The latest aspartame marketing scheme is a desperate effort to indoctrinate the public into accepting the chemical sweetener as natural and safe, despite evidence to the contrary.
Aspartame was an accidental discovery by James Schlatter, a chemist who had been trying to produce an anti-ulcer pharmaceutical drug for G.D. Searle & Company back in 1965. Upon mixing aspartic acid and phenylalanine, two naturally-occurring amino acids, he discovered that the new compound had a sweet taste. The company merely changed its FDA approval application from drug to food additive and, voila, aspartame was born.
G.D. Searle & Company first patented aspartame in 1970. An internal memo released in the same year urged company executives to work on getting the FDA into the “habit of saying yes” and of encouraging a “subconscious spirit of participation” in getting the chemical approved.
G.D. Searle & Company submitted its first petition to the FDA in 1973 and fought for years to gain FDA approval, submitting its own safety studies that many believed were inadequate and deceptive. Despite numerous objections, including one from its own scientists, the company was able to convince the FDA to approve aspartame for commercial use in a few products in 1974, igniting a blaze of controversy.
In 1976, then FDA Commissioner Alexander Schmidt wrote a letter to Sen. Ted Kennedy expressing concern over the “questionable integrity of the basic safety data submitted for aspartame safety”. FDA Chief Counsel Richard Merrill believed that a grand jury should investigate G.D. Searle & Company for lying about the safety of aspartame in its reports and for concealing evidence proving the chemical is unsafe for consumption.
The details of aspartame’s history are lengthy, but the point remains that the carcinogen was illegitimately approved as a food additive through heavy-handed prodding by a powerful corporation with its own interests in mind. Practically all drugs and food additives are approved by the FDA not because science shows they are safe but because companies essentially lobby the FDA with monetary payoffs and complete the agency’s multi-million dollar approval process.
Changing aspartame’s name to something that is “appealing and memorable”, in Ajinomoto’s own words, may hoodwink some but hopefully most will reject this clever marketing tactic as nothing more than a desperate attempt to preserve the company’s multi-billion dollar cash cow. Do not be deceived.
Update: As many comments are being posted by readers who are allergic to Aspartame we ask that you please forward this article to as many people as you can.
Source:

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What is aspartame? Five surprising facts you never know about this chemical sweetener Monday, June 23, 2014 by: Jonathan Benson, staff writer

(NaturalNews) The controversy surrounding one of the world's most popular artificial sweeteners, aspartame (NutraSweet, Equal), continues some 30 years after the chemical was rammed through the regulatory process by pharmaceutical interests, despite its well-documented dangers. And yet to this very day, many people are still unaware of the chemical sweetener's sordid history, not to mention what aspartame is actually made from and how it affects the body and brain.

To many, aspartame is just another FDA-approved sugar alternative that has to be safe, otherwise it wouldn't be on the market. But the truth about aspartame is much more sinister, including how the chemical sweetener gained market approval http://www.fda.gov. And there's so much more to the aspartame story that you've probably never heard before, thanks to government collusion with powerful drug interests.

1) Aspartame is converted by the body into formaldehyde, a cancer-causing chemical.
Composed of three unique compounds, aspartame is a synergistically toxic chemical, meaning the sum of its individual parts is exponentially more toxic than each one by itself. And yet even in isolation, the three main constituents found in aspartame -- aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and methanol -- are idiosyncratically toxic in their own right.

Free methanol in particular is highly toxic, converting first into formaldehyde and then into formic acid upon consumption. Unlike the methanol found in alcoholic beverages and various fruits and vegetables, the methanol produced by aspartame is not accompanied by ethanol, which acts as a protector against methanol poisoning. By itself, methanol embalms living tissues and damages DNA, and can cause lymphoma, leukemia, and other forms of cancer.

2) Aspartame causes obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Artificial sweeteners are typically viewed as a safe alternative to sugar, which many people now recognize as a cause of weight gain and metabolic disorders like diabetes when consumed in excess. But a number of scientific studies have found that chemicals like aspartame are perhaps even more damaging, as they promote weight gain in ways unrelated to caloric intake.

A study published in the journal Appetite back in 2013 found that compared to sucrose, a form of sugar, aspartame is actually worse in terms of promoting weight gain. Similar research published in the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine (YJBM) found that aspartame alters the body's natural production of hormones, increasing both appetite and sugar cravings.

3) Reagan-appointed FDA commissioner helped get aspartame approved despite evidence showing its toxicity.
Believe it or not, aspartame was an accidental discovery made by scientists working on the development of an ulcer drug for G.D. Searle and Company, a pharmaceutical corporation that was later acquired by Monsanto in 1985. When researchers discovered that the chemical had a sweet taste, G.D. Searle presented it to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for commercial approval.

But the earliest safety studies conducted on the chemical found that it caused grand mal seizures and death in monkeys, findings that were withheld from the FDA. When FDA scientists discovered on their own that aspartame was unsafe, G.D. Searle made a strategic move, waiting for a new FDA commissioner appointed by the late Ronald Reagan to force the chemical through the approval process.

The details of this political transaction are spelled out in the following document posted at the FDA's own website, but suffice it to say that aspartame was never proven to be safe. It was only through corruption that this artificial sweetener ended up making its way into more than 9,000 consumer products, many of which still contain it today:
http://www.fda.gov

4) Aspartame is made from the feces of genetically-modified (GM) E. coli bacteria.
Another disturbing fact about aspartame is that it is produced from the feces of genetically-modified E. coli bacteria. Similar to the fermentation process, E. coli are modified with special genes that cause them to produce unnaturally high levels of a special enzyme that, as a byproduct, produces the phenylalanine needed for aspartame production.

5) Aspartame crosses the blood-brain barrier, potentially causing permanent brain damage.
Aspartame is composed of roughly 40 percent aspartic acid, a free-form amino acid that has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. When excess amounts of this compound via aspartame enter the body, brain cells are bombarded with an excess of calcium. The result is neural cell damage and even cell death, which can lead to serious brain damage.

In extreme cases, exposure to aspartic acid, also known as aspartate, can cause neurological conditions like epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease, and is also implicated in causing diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and dementia. Endocrine disorders, or imbalanced or inadequate hormone production, are also linked to so-called "excitotoxin" exposure, or exposure to free-form amino acids like aspartate that overstimulate the brain.

Sources for this article include:

http://www.fda.gov

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC387446/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666312004138

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892765/

http://www.upi.com

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7290308

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/045692_aspartame_chemical_sweetener_surprising_facts.html#ixzz3ZY2wC24G
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keskiviikko 6. toukokuuta 2015

Understanding Blood pH And It’s Critical Role In The Prevention Of Cancer - Warburg effect - cellular respiration

Posted by: Ty Bollinger in Cancer 101, The Basics
Remember back in high school chemistry when you learned about acid/alkaline balance, also referred to as the body’s pH (“potential Hydrogen” or “powers of Hydrogen”)? Our pH is measured on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7.35 being neutral (normal),  below 7.35 is acidic (with 0 being the most acidic) and above 7.35 is alkaline (with 14 being the most alkaline

Hydrogen is both a proton and an electron. If the electron is stripped off, then the resulting positive ion is a proton. In short,  it is important to note that alkaline substances (also called “bases”) are proton “acceptors” (“+” charge) while acids are proton “donors” (“-” charge). Since bases have a higher pH, they have a greater potential to absorb hydrogen ions and vice versa for acids.
In chemistry, we know that water (H2O) decomposes into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-). When a solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions, then it is said to be acid. When it contains more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions, then it is said to be alkaline. As you may have guessed, a pH of 7.35 is neutral because it contains equal amounts of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions.
Over 70% of our bodies are water. When cells create energy via aerobic respiration, they burn oxygen and glucose. In simple terms, in order for the body to create energy it requires massive amounts of hydrogen. As a matter of fact, each day your body uses about ½ pound of pure hydrogen. Even our DNA is held together by hydrogen bonds and since the pH of bases is higher, they have a greater potential to absorb hydrogen, which results in more oxygen delivered to the cells.
The hydrogen ion concentration varies over 14 powers of 10, thus a change of one pH unit changes the hydrogen ion concentration by a factor of 10. The pH scale is a common logarithmic scale. For those of you who never liked math, what this means is that a substance which has a pH of 5.2 is 10 times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 6.2, while it is 100 (10 squared) times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 7.2, and it is 1,000 (10 cubed) times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 8.2, etc…
Our blood must always maintain a pH of approximately 7.35 so that it can continue to transport oxygen. Thus, God has made our bodies resilient with the ability to self-correct in the event of an imbalanced pH level through a mechanism called the buffer system. In chemistry, a buffer is a substance which neutralizes acids, thus keeping the pH of a solution relatively constant despite the addition of considerable amounts of acids or bases. However, the American diet (United States) being full of junk foods, fast foods, processed foods, and sodas, puts the body through “the ringer” in order to maintain the proper pH in the blood. Although our bodies typically maintain alkaline reserves which are utilized to buffer acids in these situations, it is safe to say that many of us have depleted our reserves.
When our buffering system reaches overload and we are depleted of reserves, the excess acids are dumped into the tissues. As more and more acid is accumulated, our tissues begin to deteriorate. The acid wastes oxidize (“rust”) the veins and arteries and begin to destroy cell walls and organs. Having an acidic pH is like driving your car with the “check engine” light on. It’s a sign that something is wrong with the engine and if we don’t get it fixed, then eventually the car will break down.
According to Keiichi Morishita in his book, Hidden Truth of Cancer, as the blood becomes acidic, the body deposits acidic substances into cells to remove them from the blood. This allows the blood to remain slightly alkaline. However, it causes the cells to become acidic and toxic. Over time, many of these cells increase in acidity and some die. However, some of these acidified cells adapt to the new environment. In other words, instead of dying (as normal cells do in an acidic environment) some cells survive by becoming abnormal cells. These abnormal cells are called “malignant” cells, and they do not correspond with brain function or the DNA memory code. Therefore, malignant cells grow indefinitely and without order. This is cancer.
Putting too much acid in your body is like putting poison in your fish tank. Several years ago, we purchased a fish tank and a couple of goldfish for our children. After killing both goldfish, we quickly learned that the key factor in keeping fish alive is the condition of the water. If their water isn’t balanced, then they die quickly. We also learned that you can kill a fish rapidly if you feed it the wrong foods! Now, compare this to the condition of our internal “fish tank.” Many of us are filling our fish tanks with chemicals, toxins, and the wrong foods which lower our pH balance, and an acidic pH results in oxygen deprivation at the cellular level.
So, what other things can we do to keep our tissue pH in the proper range? The easiest thing is to eat mostly alkaline foods. The general rule of thumb is to eat 20% acid foods and 80% alkaline foods. Fresh fruit juice also supplies your body with a plethora of alkaline substances. You can take supplements, such as potassium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, and rubidium, which are all highly alkaline.
Some excellent alkaline-forming foods are as follows: most raw vegetables and fruits, figs, lima beans, olive oil, honey, molasses, apple cider vinegar, miso, tempeh, raw milk, raw cheese, stevia, green tea, most herbs, sprouted grains, sprouts, wheat grass, and barley grass.
Foods such as yogurt, kefir, and butter are basically neutral. Several acid-forming foods are as follows: sodas, coffee, alcohol, chocolate, tobacco, aspartame, meats, oysters, fish, eggs, chicken, pasteurized milk, processed grains, sugar, peanut butter, beans, and pasta.
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http://thetruthaboutcancer.com/understanding-blood-ph-and-its-critical-role-in-the-prevention-of-cancer/
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 Warburg effect - Nobelisti Otto Heinrich Warburg

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931

Kuvassa mitokondrio


Nobel palkinnon voittanut tohtori Otto Warburg keksi,  että laskemalla kudosten happipitoisuutta 35 % kahden vuorokauden ajaksi, normaalit solut muuttuivat syöpäsoluiksi.
Syöpäpotilailla veren happisaturaatio on normaalia alhaisempi, yleensä noin 60 % luokkaa (pulssioksimetrialla mitattuna). 


 The Warburg Effect describes the observation that cancer cells, and many cells grown in-vitro, exhibit glucose fermentation even when enough oxygen is present to properly respire.

The Warburg hypothesis, sometimes known as the Warburg Theory of Cancer postulates that the driver of tumorigenesis is an insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult to mitochondria.[1] The Warburg Effect describes the observation that cancer cells, and many cells grown in-vitro, exhibit glucose fermentation even when enough oxygen is present to properly respire. In other words, instead of fully respiring in the presence of adequate oxygen, cancer cells ferment. The current popular opinion is that cancer cells ferment glucose while keeping up the same level of respiration that was present before the process of carcinogenesis, and thus the Warburg Effect would be defined as the observation that cancer cells exhibit glycolysis with lactate secretion and mitochondrial respiration even in the presence of oxygen.[2]
Warburg's hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924.[3] He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g. adenosine triphosphate / ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis). This is in contrast to "healthy" cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative breakdown of pyruvate. Pyruvate is an end-product of glycolysis, and is oxidized within the mitochondria. Hence, according to Warburg, the driver of cancer cells should be interpreted as stemming from a lowering of mitochondrial respiration. Warburg reported a fundamental difference between normal and cancerous cells to be the ratio of glycolysis to respiration; this observation is also known as the Warburg effect.
_
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_hypothesis


 Soluhengitys ja käyminen, eli hapeton (anaerobinen) energiantuotto
Mitokondrio on soluelin, jossa soluhengitys tapahtuu.
Mitokondriot ovat solujen voimaloita, joissa energiaa muodostetaan kemiallisesti, ja se varastoidaan korkeaenergiaisiin fosfaatteihin, yleensä ATP:hen eli adenosiinitrifosfaattiin

Soluhengitys on aerobisissa (happea saatavilla) oloissa elävien solujen aineenvaihdunnallinen reaktio, jonka avulla solut vapauttavat ravinnon sisältämää energiaa käyttöönsä

Yksinkertaistettuna soluhengityksen lähtöaineina ovat glukoosi ja happi ja lopputuotteena syntyy hiilidioksidia ja vettä. Reaktioissa vapautuu ATP-molekyylien (fosfaatti -sidos) sidoksien purkautuessa energiaa (36 x ATP).

Elektroninsiirtoketju (ja mitokondrio)
Katabolisen aineenvaihdunnan viimeinen vaihe on elektroninsiirtoketju, joka on yhteydessä oksidatiiviseen fosforylaatioon.
Videossa tutustutaan myös mitokondrion rakenteeseen.

Soluhengitys - CellularRespiration -Animaatio

Anaerobisissa olosuhteissa soluhengitys ei pääse etenemään glykolyysivaihetta pidemmälle, jolloin tapahtuu käymistä.
Käyminen voi olla joko maitohappo- tai alkoholikäymistä.
Käymisessä saatavan ATP:n määrä on hyvin pieni (2 x ATP), verrattuna aerobisissa oloissa tapahtuvaan soluhengitykseen.

Käyminen, eli fermentointi on aineenvaihduntatapahtuma, jossa pilkotaan orgaanisia aineita, usein hiilihydraatteja tai aminohappoja, energian saamiseksi. Käyminen tapahtuu tavallisesti ilman happea, mutta on olemassa myös niin sanottuja hapetuskäymisiä, jotka vaativat happea.
Käyminen tapahtuu solun sisällä.

Alkoholikäymisessä sokeri (yleensä glukoosi) hajoaa hiivan (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) tai bakteerien sisältämien entsyymien katalysoimissa aineenvaihduntareaktioissa pyruvaatiksi. Reaktiota nimitetään glykolyysiksi, ja sen yhteydessä syntyy ATP:tä solun energianlähteeksi. Glykolyysissä syntynyt pyruvaatti puolestaan hajoaa edelleen asetaldehydiksi ja hiilidioksidiksi.
Käymisreaktio on anaerobinen eli ei edellytä happea.

Nisäkkäillä lihassolut voivat tuottaa energiaa maitohappokäymisellä, elleivät ne saa verenkierrosta riittävästi happea. Maitohapon kertyminen soluihin aiheuttaa lihaskipua. Rasituksen loputtua maitohappo kulkeutuu lihaksista veren mukana maksaan, jossa se muuntuu takaisin pyruvaatiksi.

Glukoosi hajoaa solulimassa kahdeksi pyruvaatti-molekyyliksi (palorypälehappo) reaktiossa, jota kutsutaan glykolyysiksi, tai jos pyruvaatti pelkistyy maitohapoksi eikä jatka matkaansa mitokondrioon, anaerobiseksi (hapettomaksi) glykolyysiksi.

Pyruvaatin pelkistyessä NADH luovuttaa saamansa vedyn pyruvaatille. Glykolyysissä muodostuu yhtä glukoosia kohden 2 ATP molekyyliä, sekä kumpaakin puryvaattia kohden 6 vety-ionia (protonia), eli yhteensä 12 protonia, jotka pelkistävät NAD+ tai NADP+ (dihydronikotiiniamidi-adeniini-dinukleotidi/-"-fosfaatti) ionit. Muodostuneet NADH ja NADPH molekyylit siirtävät protonit elekronisiirtoketjun käyttöön, jos happea on tarpeeksi soluhengityksen käynnistämiseen

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Jos kuitenkaan soluissa ei ole mitokondrioita, jossa soluhengitys voi tapahtua (veren punasolut ovat tällaisia) tai ei ole happea käytössä (kuten happivelassa), niin pyruvaatti muuntuu maitohapoiksi. Tällaista maitohappoon päättyvää glykolyysiä sanotaan anaerobiseksi glykolyysiksi.
- maitohappo on myrkyllistä liian korkeina pitoisuuksina.
Soluhengitys ja yhteyttäminen

"Hapeton soluhengitys" - Anaerobic respiration 
Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without oxygen.
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Soluhengitys -cellular respiration, kuvia
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Elektroninsiirtoketju
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroninsiirtoketju
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http://graviola.fi/tutkimukset-syopa/warburg-hypothesis/







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